1. Autoimmunity: The human immune response activated by unknown factors antagonizes motor neurons, leading to the death of motor neurons. 2. Neurotrophic deficiency: At present, in vitro test results show that the survival of sports elements must depend on some factors, such as BDNF, FGF, CNTF, IGF-2 and NT3-5. 3. Virus invasion: It has been suggested that the damage of motor neurons may be similar to the result of polio virus invading motor neurons. 4. Toxic substances: such as lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and other heavy metals poisoning; Excessive activation of amino acids and free radicals leads to the death of motor neurons. 5. Genetic factors: these patients account for about 5~ 10% of all patients with motor neuron disease, but they cannot explain the etiology of sporadic patients.

Symptomatic manifestation

First, myogenic calf muscle atrophy: muscular dystrophy is a common symptom, traumatic crush syndrome such as dystrophic myotonia and polymyositis, and periodic paralysis; Ischemic myopathy; Metabolic myopathy; Endocrine myopathy; Drug myopathy; It is a neuromuscular transmission disorder, such as myasthenia gravis.

Second, disuse calf muscle atrophy: Upper motor neuron disease is caused by long-term inactivity of muscles, causing systemic wasting diseases such as malignant tumors, hyperthyroidism, polio, autoimmune diseases, etc. Patients reduce exercise for a long time and lead to muscle atrophy.

Neurogenic calf muscle atrophy: mainly lower motor neurons and spinal cord diseases, leading to vertebral hyperosteogeny, intervertebral disc diseases, spinal nerve tumors, arachnoiditis, neuritis, plexus diseases, syringomyelia injuries, motor neuron diseases, Guillain-Barre syndrome, spinal cord diseases and disuse muscular atrophy caused by brain diseases.

Second, calf muscle atrophy. What are the effective nursing measures?

1, keep optimistic and happy. Strong long-term or repeated emotional changes such as mental stress, anxiety, irritability, pessimism, etc. It can make the process of excitation and inhibition of cerebral cortex unbalanced, aggravate muscle jumping and make calf muscles atrophy and develop.

2. Reasonable distribution of diet structure. Patients with calf muscle atrophy need high-protein and high-energy dietary supplements to provide substances necessary for the reconstruction of nerve cells and skeletal muscle cells, thus enhancing muscle strength and increasing muscle. At the beginning, we should take foods rich in high protein, vitamins, phospholipids and trace elements, and actively cooperate with medicated diets, such as yam, coix seed, lotus plumule, dried tangerine peel, pseudostellaria heterophylla and lily. Patients with calf muscle atrophy should avoid spicy food and quit smoking and drinking.

3. combine work and rest. Patients with calf muscle atrophy should avoid forced exercise, because forced exercise is not conducive to the recovery of skeletal muscle function and the regeneration and repair of muscle cells due to skeletal muscle fatigue.

4. Prevent colds and gastroenteritis. Patients with calf muscle atrophy are prone to lung infection due to low autoimmune function or some immune deficiency. Once you catch a cold, your illness will get worse, the course of disease will be prolonged, and the calf muscle atrophy will get worse, especially for patients with bulbar paralysis. If not prevented in time, the prognosis will be poor and even life-threatening.

Third, how to effectively prevent calf muscle atrophy

Everyone must get rid of the bad habit of drinking in daily life, avoid contact with factors that can cause calf muscle atrophy, reduce the chemical toxicity of alcohol and avoid tissue absorption. If you work in deep-water diving, high-altitude flight, high pressure and other environments, you must be well protected. If you have this disease, you must actively seek medical treatment and change jobs.

Strengthen the awareness of hip self-protection, watch your step, and don't wrestle, especially after it snows in winter. You must pay attention to your walking methods to prevent slipping and falling. Before physical exercise, make your hips fully prepared and feel warm and flexible. When carrying or carrying heavy objects, you should avoid spraining your hips and not doing heavy work.

Many elderly people like to sit for a long time and feel relaxed and comfortable. But everyone should know that "sedentary people hurt meat." Sitting is a necessary rest to eliminate fatigue. Sitting for a long time will make muscles lack exercise, lead to muscle relaxation and accelerate muscle atrophy and decline. Therefore, the elderly should participate in outdoor activities as much as possible, do more exercise, don't sit too much for too long, and know that "life lies in exercise."

Fourth, how to exercise when muscle atrophy occurs in the legs?

1, exercise should be targeted. In daily life, many patients do not exercise properly, such as muscle atrophy of lower limbs. Some people exercise by walking alone, thinking that the more they walk, the better. In fact, this can not only effectively enhance muscle strength, but also cause joint damage. For another example, some patients roll walnuts and fitness balls with their fingers to exercise their atrophied upper limbs. Do you know that this can only enhance the coordination of finger movements and the endurance of hand muscles, but not the muscle strength and muscle thickening of arms? The exercise of muscle atrophy should be targeted, and which muscles are atrophied should be exercised. Do not use healthy muscle exercise instead of atrophic muscle exercise, for example, do not use shrug and abduction instead of forearm rotation.

2. Mastering the movement rhythm of patients with muscular atrophy requires certain time intervals. When muscles have enough rest time, fatigue can be completely eliminated, and the consumed nutrients can be fully compensated. Through excessive compensation, muscles can gradually become bigger. On the other hand, if you exercise too frequently, your muscles will not get enough rest and your muscle strength will not be enhanced. So exercise should pay attention to the rhythm, not the more the better.

3. When mastering the amount of exercise, people often choose dumbbells, sandbags, tension springs and rubber strip to increase the amount of exercise. So, what weight dumbbells, sandbags, tension springs and rubber strip should be chosen? This depends on everyone's muscle strength, which generally exceeds 1/3 of my maximum muscle strength. At the same time, pain may also be a signal of muscle injury, so we should pay attention to choose painless movements and actively treat pain during exercise.