1.(2008, Guangdong liberal arts foundation) during the Perikles period, the highest authority in Athens was?
A. General Assembly B. Jury Court C.500 People Meeting D. Committee of Ten Generals
A: A.
Analysis: The citizens' assembly is the highest authority in Athens, responsible for deliberating and deciding all state affairs.
2. (Tianjin, 2008) The guiding ideology of Wang Anshi's reform to solve the problem of "accumulation of poverty and weakness" is "due to the power of the world, take the money from the world to pay for it". To this end, he made the new law is
(1) young seedling method; (2) conscription law; (3) exemption method; (4) Square field average tax law.
A.①②③ B.②③④ C.①③④ D.①②④
Answer: d
Analysis: Nayong was a policy implemented in the Tang Dynasty, which had nothing to do with Wang Anshi's political reform.
3. (Basic Ability Test of Shandong Province in 2008) The following words
(1) rest; (2) release soldiers with a glass of wine; (3) hitting the face; (4) "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later"; (5) "China 1 1 century reformer" can be used as a key word in the biographies of five ancient prime ministers in China, such as Xiao He, Wei Zhi, Zhao Pu, Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi. The corresponding rankings are as follows.
A.①②③④⑤ B.①③②⑤④ C.①③②④⑤ D.③①④②⑤
Answer: c
Analysis: Xiao He was a politician in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the policy of "rest and recuperation" appeared in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. After Li Shimin acceded to the throne, Wei Zhi, who had always opposed him, was promoted to a doctor of remonstrance, and Wei Zhi dared to make faces to remonstrate. Fan Zhongyan was a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty. 1043, Song Renzong appointed Fan Zhongyan as the governor to participate in politics. In order to reform the disadvantages of the times, in his article "Yueyang Tower", the words "worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" are timeless sayings and a portrayal of his patriotic feelings all his life. China entered the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty in 1 1 century. 1069, Song Shenzong appointed Wang Anshi as political governor, presided over the political reform, increased the government's fiscal revenue, and reversed the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty to a certain extent.
4.(2008, Sichuan) Some people objected to a law in Wang Anshi's political reform, thinking that it "snared all kinds of groceries, bought them cheaply and sold them expensively, and made the slightest profit for businessmen". This is
A. Young crops method B. Equal loss method C. Exemption method D. Market change method
Answer: d
Analysis: the material requires an answer to the law that directly harms the interests of businessmen. Item A restricts usury exploitation, while item B is not mentioned in the textbook of Equal Loss Law. Item c harms the interests of bureaucratic landlords, while item d restricts the control of businessmen on the market.
(Guangdong Liberal Arts Foundation, 2008) Among the following statements about/kloc-the religious reform in the 6th century, which is correct?
A. The Reformation had nothing to do with the Renaissance.
B. the religious reform was suppressed by all secular nobles.
C. both religious reformers and enlightenment thinkers criticize religious ignorance.
D. religious reformers believe that believers themselves can be saved through faith.
Answer: d
Analysis: Martin Luther's "Justification by Faith" and Calvin's "Prejudice" both advocate that people can only be saved by faith.
5.(2008, Shanghai Shanke) 65438+In the 1970s, a Japanese said to a visiting German friend, "Our history begins today!" This sentence refers to Japan in this period.
A is starting to build a modern country. B is about to boycott western culture.
C decided to study Confucian classics. D has become an important force in the world.
A: A.
Analysis:/kloc-In the 1970s of 0/9, Japan began the Meiji Restoration. Meiji Restoration was a turning point in Japanese history. After Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the road of modernization.
6.(2008, Sichuan) The similarities between the Russian serfdom reform and the Meiji Restoration in Japan are as follows
A. Take a top-down approach B. Give priority to economic reform
C. changed the old political system D. began to develop capitalism
A: A.
Analysis: This question examines the comparative analysis ability of historical knowledge. Russia abolished serfdom, and the czar's autocratic rule still exists. Therefore, before the reform, capitalist relations of production appeared in both countries, and they both embarked on the road of developing capitalism through reform. Therefore, Error D was a top-down reform.
7.(2008, National I) 1878 In Japan, children used 10 to replace numbers with the names of the most worthwhile new things. They were steam lamps, steam engines, carriages, cameras, telegrams, lightning rods, newspapers, schools, mailboxes and ships. This mainly reflects Japan.
A. the economic policy of developing industry through reproduction B. the goal of Qiang Bing as a rich country.
C. a completely westernized lifestyle
Answer: d
Analysis: This question examines the ability of candidates to obtain and interpret information, which is a difficult problem. Pay attention to the time qualifier "1878" and the keyword "10 new thing" in the stem. These new things are closely related to Dachuan's social culture, such as cameras, telegrams, newspapers, schools, mailboxes and so on. These are not simple economies, and these contents are not enough to determine total westernization. So we ruled out a and C. Qiang Bing, a rich country, is the goal of Meiji Restoration and the most important reform, but it is still far from the theme of the materials. Civilization refers to the phenomenon that the Meiji era took the initiative to learn from the West, western civilization was introduced, and new things, such as winds from all directions, flooded into Japan, causing great changes in the system and culture. The material itself shows that children widely accept new things, which is also civilized. All things considered, choose D.
8.(2008, Shanghai Shanke) There is an old song in Shanghai that tells the story of the Qing Dynasty for more than 260 years. Among them, the sentence related to 1898 coup is
A. Wu Sangui wants to borrow Qing soldiers, and Emperor Shunzhi enjoys the ready-made throne.
B. Lin Zexu is forbidden to smoke foreign cigarettes, and his loyalty to the country is unknown.
C Zeng Guofan should start from Xiang, Huai and Li Hongzhang forever.
D. a good start comes out of thin air, and the food market street is called a ghost every night.
Answer: d
Analysis: 1898 During the coup, the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi massacred the reformists. On September 28th, 1998, Tan Sitong, Kang, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi, six reformists, were killed in Beijing Caishikou on/kloc-0. They were known as the "Six Gentlemen of the 1898 Movement" in history.
9.(2008, Shandong) Read the materials and answer questions.
At the beginning of the 6th century BC, on the outskirts of Athens, there was a young man named Kleene Titus. He was born in a civilian family, and his family was poor, so he didn't have the property qualification to be an official. Later, Kleene Tex opened an office workshop to produce wine and sell it to the market. Five years later, his total annual income reached 280 bushels, ranking third.
(1) According to Solon's legislation, what political rights can Cleenites enjoy? (2 points) If he lives in Qin State, according to Shang Yang's law, what ways can he improve his social and political status? (4 points)
(2) Solon's reform and Shang Yang's reform deprived the nobles of their privileges to varying degrees. What's the difference between their strategies in this process? (4 points)
Answer:
(1) hold a low-level official position (or the election and qualification of officials at all levels except the consul). Military achievements; Strive to cultivate and weave
(2) Solon: advocates the doctrine of the mean (reconciliation) and the doctrine of the mean. Shang Yang: Not afraid of powerful people, severe punishment and severe law.
Analysis: The question (1) mainly examines students' mastery and flexible use of key contents such as Solon reform and Shang Yang reform. Question (2) Examines students' mastery and understanding of Solon's reform and Shang Yang's reform.
10.(2008, Guangdong Single Subject) (9 points) Read the materials and answer questions according to what you have learned.
Material 1: After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the historical tradition of Xianbei was obviously preserved, and the principle of dividing fields by village communities continued to be used. In the fifth year of Yongxing (4 13), "more than 20,000 people in Ju Daning dictated their fields."
-according to (volume 3) and Tang's "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties".
Material Two Taihe Nine Years (485), "Imperial edict was issued to all fields in the world: more than 15 men, 40 mu of open fields and 20 mu of women ...".
-Shu Wei 1 10
Question:
(1) What are the similarities between the land distribution methods in Material I and Material II? (2 points)
(2) The land distribution system in Material II was implemented by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and remained in use until the middle of the Tang Dynasty. In addition, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty also implemented those reform measures (3 points)
(3) Summarize the origin of Emperor Xiaowen's reform measures in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the influence of this reform on later generations. (4 points)
Answer:
(1) Distribute land according to population.
(2) Yi Han Fu; Change the Han surname; Speak Chinese; Marry with Han people; Learn the laws and regulations of the Han nationality; Move the capital to Luoyang.
(3) the advanced culture of the Han nationality; Xianbei national tradition. The land equalization system has influenced the land system in China for hundreds of years. Other measures have accelerated the sinicization of Xianbei and promoted national integration.
Analysis: This topic investigates the feudal reform of minority rulers in ancient history of China. The problem (1) is summarized according to the materials. Question (2), examine the memory ability of historical facts. Question (3): "Tracing the origin of reform measures" is the background of reform, which should be analyzed from the aspects of the influence of Han culture on Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the unification of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the intensification of social contradictions, and the trend of national integration. The influence of reform on future generations should be answered from the aspects of politics, economy, ethnic relations and the influence on future generations.
1 1.(2008, Jiangsu history) Read the following materials:
Material 1 (Lu) Rui (formerly known as Bu Liugu) is in his teens, and he is a general of the Juefu Army and the king of the Plain. ..... married Cui Jiannv, the secretariat of Boling, East Xuzhou, and learned from her relatives: "Wang Cai in the Plain is not evil, but I hate his repeated names." At that time, Emperor Gaozu (Emperor Xiaowen) did not change his surname.
-"Shu Wei" Volume 40
Material 2 (after moving the capital to Luoyang) Gaozu said: "Today (that is, the prince) wants to violate his father's respect and cross Hengshuo (now Datong, Shanxi, Hetao, Inner Mongolia). ..... This child is immortal today, which is a national disaster ... "It was abolished as Shu Ren.
-"Shu Wei" Volume 22
Material 3: The rise of Li Tang clan is because they have drawn savage and lean blood from the Great Wall and injected it into the decadent body of Central Plains culture. The old dyes have been removed, the new machines have been restarted, and the expansion of the materials has been made, so they can create an unprecedented world situation.
-Chen Yinque "After Li Tang Clan Speculation"
Please answer:
(1) In the material 1, Cui Jian's dissatisfaction with Liu Rui reflected what problems existed in ethnic relations at that time. To this end, what reform measures did Emperor Xiaowen take? (6 points)
(2) What does Emperor Xiaowen's treatment of the Prince in Material 2 show? (2 points)
(3) According to the third material, analyze the influence of Emperor Xiaowen's reform. (4 points)
A: (1) There are ethnic contradictions between the Han nationality and Xianbei. Measures have been taken to change China's surname, language, dress, marriage and system.
(2) The reform faces resistance; Emperor xiaowen's strong determination to promote reform.
(3) It promoted national integration and laid the foundation for the great unity and cultural prosperity of the Tang Dynasty (for the reunification of the country).
Analysis: This question mainly examines the ability of candidates to understand, analyze, refine, summarize and summarize the material information. The question (1) reflects the contradiction between Han nationality and Xianbei. The second question examines the reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen. Questions (2) and (3) mainly focus on the understanding, analysis and generalization of materials, and realize the difficulties and effects of the reform.
12. (Tianjin, 2008) The history of Chinese and foreign education shows that the reform of educational content is closely related to social development. Read the following materials and answer the questions.
Material one, The Analects of Confucius says, "Learning to be excellent is to be an official". Song Zhenzong said in "Poems to Encourage Learning": "People want to be content with their ambitions, and the Six Classics are diligently read at the window" (Six Classics: Book, Book, Ceremony, Music, Spring and Autumn).
According to the Ming History, the imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty "followed the old Tang and Song Dynasties, but slightly changed its method of testing scholars".
(1) According to the first material, it points out the core content and characteristics of feudal social education in China. (4 points)
(2) Combined with the knowledge learned, explain the performance and influence of "testing others' methods slightly" in the material 1. (4 points)
Materials 2 65438+Since the 1960s, a number of new schools have appeared in China, offering courses such as foreign language translation, ship driving, astronomy, computing, ordnance and marching array.
(3) Who founded the new school in Material 2? (2 points) Explain the role of the new school at that time from the course content. (3 points)
Material 3 1904 The Qing government department promulgated the Constitution of the School, which stipulated the curriculum of middle schools. The class hours were as follows:
Course accomplishment reading classic lecture China literature foreign language history geography geometry algebra animal and plant physics and chemistry picture law finance gymnastics general
Class hours are 545193611120884310/80.
(4) Compared with the material 1, what are the characteristics of the middle school curriculum in the late Qing Dynasty? (4 points) How do you evaluate it? (2 points)
Material 4 The University of Leipzig, Germany was founded in 1409, and its initial courses were theology, liberal arts (language), law and medicine. Later, it gradually increased. By the19th century, dozens of disciplines, such as mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, logic, physics, chemistry, biology, anatomy and so on, were opened, and research institutes were set up to encourage scientific research. Other universities in Germany have also undergone such changes. Due to the high development of education, Germany created a miracle at the end of 19.
(5) According to Material 4, the trend of German university curriculum reform from 15 to 19 century is summarized. (4 points) Take materials and knowledge as an example 19 What impact did this trend have on Germany at the end of this year? (6 points)
(6) To sum up, talk about your understanding of the relationship between education reform and social development. (2 points)
Answer: (1) Confucianism (Four Books and Five Classics). Reading and being an official are closely combined (education trains ruling talents for the ruling class).
(2) The content is specially selected from the Four Books and Five Classics, and the style is eight-part essay. It fetters scholars' thoughts and strengthens absolutism (which hinders the development of science and technology in China).
(3) Westernization. It has adapted to the needs of the Westernization Movement and trained practical talents in translation, military affairs, science and technology.
(4) Western courses are added with comprehensive subjects, and Confucian classics still occupy an important position. It promoted the development of modern education in China and had the basic characteristics of education in semi-colonial and semi-feudal times.
(5) natural science disciplines increase, and scientific research is encouraged (the influence of rationalism is enhanced). Germany is highly developed in science and technology, such as electromagnetic waves, X-rays, generators and internal combustion engines. There are many emerging industries, such as automobile manufacturing, electric power and chemical industry. Germany has become a European power, with the industrial output value ranking first in Europe and second in the world.
(6) In order to accelerate social development, education must be given priority.
Analysis: (1) This topic examines the relationship between China's mainstream social thoughts and authoritarian centralization. Learning to be excellent is the key to solving problems. (2) Examining the changes of Ming and Qing Dynasties relative to Tang and Song Dynasties is the main content of the imperial examination system in Ming Dynasty, as long as you skillfully use what you have learned. (3) Investigate the Westernization Movement that arose in the 1960s from 65438 to 2009, and the content and historical role of establishing new schools. (4) Investigate the educational modernization of Qing Dynasty in the self-help movement in the early 20th century. Judging from its educational content, it is very different from the previous feudal education, which not only embodies the characteristics of modern education in China, but also clearly shows the semi-colonial and semi-feudal characteristics of modern education in China. (5) At this historical stage, Germany began to develop and spread from the German natural science in the Renaissance to the second scientific and technological revolution, and the educational content has undergone great changes. The development of education and the popularization of scientific knowledge in Germany have promoted its economic development.
(6) Investigate the understanding of the relationship between education and social development. We should grasp the main thread of the relationship between education and social development.
13. (Beijing, 2008) Class One students held a keynote speech on "Learning history, talking about reform and looking forward to the future". Read the following materials and answer the following questions in combination with what you have learned.
Theme 1: Wang Anshi's political reform and people's livelihood
The speech quoted Wang Anshi's Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty: An Shi said, "It is imperative to legislate to change customs." I think so, too ... According to family members, every order has been paid to hire people to serve ... East, west, south and north, with 1,000 steps each, with 4 1 66 mu and 160 steps as one side, in September, 2008, the land was measured, its fertility was measured and its color number was determined. There are five grades, and the tax is determined by the place.
(1) The decrees on Wang Anshi's political reform cited above are. (4 points)
Analyze the purpose of implementing these measures from the perspective of paying attention to people's livelihood. (4 points)
Keynote Speech 2: Westernization Movement, Reform Movement of 1898 and Modern Education Reform
The speech quoted Liang Qichao's "Introduction to Reform": The root of reform lies in cultivating talents and promoting learning.
(2) What are the similarities between the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898 in promoting talents and running schools? (4) Combined with the relevant historical facts of this period, explain the role of education reform in China's social progress. (4 points)
Keynote Speech 3: Roosevelt's New Deal and Social Relief
The following are excerpts from the keynote speech: 1929, 10 In June, an economic crisis broke out in the prosperous United States, with stock prices plummeting, enterprises closing down and unemployment soaring. However, the government did not take active measures, and as a result, the name of President Khufu became synonymous with poverty. From 65438 to 0933, President Roosevelt carried out drastic reforms in finance, industry and agriculture, and established the Federal Emergency Relief Agency to provide social relief for the unemployed, children, the elderly and the disabled. The government launched "work for relief" and invested in public works such as Tennessee Valley reconstruction, employing millions of people and increasing the income of China people. The New Deal pushed the American economy out of the trough.
(3) Please summarize and evaluate the characteristics of Roosevelt's New Deal social relief policy in combination with the above remarks. (8 points)
Keynote Speech 4: Deng Xiaoping, the Great Man of the Century
The speech quoted four incisive conclusions from Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping:
(1) "The debate about the standard of truth is really an ideological and political issue, which is related to the future and destiny of the party and the country.
2 "The basic line must be managed for a hundred years and cannot be shaken."
(3) "Planned economy does not mean socialism, capitalism also has plans, market economy does not mean capitalism, and socialism also has a market."
④ China's foreign policy is independent and truly non-aligned. "The goal of China's foreign policy is to strive for world peace."
(4) Please interpret the diagnosis of ②, ③ and ④ and finish the keynote speech. (12)
(Hint: The underlined part below is an explanatory example. Please refer to the examples and write the answers on the corresponding lines. The explanation of each diagnosis can be answered by content or function. Requirements: correct point of view, specific content)
Deng Xiaoping strongly supports the discussion on the criterion of truth. This discussion affirmed that "practice is the only criterion for testing truth" and denied the wrong view of "two whatevers". This is a profound ideological emancipation movement, which laid the ideological foundation for the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party. Regarding the party's basic line,
.
In the judgment of "plan" and "market",
.
About diplomacy in the new era,
.
Summary:
.
Answer: (1) fund-raising method, land average tax law.
The implementation of the conscription law is to reduce the labor burden of farmers and not delay the farming season. The purpose of implementing the land equalization tax law is to reduce the burden on landless and landless farmers.
(2) opening new schools; Send international students.
Its function can be explained from the aspects of new talents and new schools. For example, after studying in Zhan Tianyou, he became a famous railway engineer and presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, which promoted the development of modern transportation. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University came into being to promote the development of modern culture and education.
Analysis: According to the contents of the textbook and the knowledge learned, the social relief measures adopted by Roosevelt's New Deal are "building office projects to increase employment opportunities" and the macro-control measures of government intervention in the economy, which can promote the recovery of social production and the recovery of the American economy.
(3) Features: the combination of social relief and employment; Government intervention.
Evaluation: to a certain extent, it lightens the social burden and stabilizes the social order; Stimulated consumption and production and promoted economic recovery.
(4) Examples of answer points: (If you answer from the perspective of content or function, the point of view is correct and the content is specific, you can get extra points)
Focusing on economic construction, adhering to the four cardinal principles and persisting in reform and opening up; Determined the direction of building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
It is the innovation of socialist economic theory; It provides a theoretical basis for the establishment of a socialist market economic system proposed by the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
In the new era, China's independent diplomatic principle is embodied in its non-alignment policy; This independent and non-aligned foreign policy of peace is not only in the best interests of the people of China, but also conducive to world peace and development.
Deng Xiaoping is the core of the second generation of the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s collective leadership, the chief architect of China's reform, opening up and modernization, and has made a historic and significant contribution to the establishment of the Theory of Building Socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Analysis: The problem (1) can be seen from the material that "all levels pay money to hire people to serve", which is Wang Anshi's "Zhao An Law" in the political reform; "When forty-one hectares and sixty-six acres are used, one hundred and sixty steps are taken as one party", "Take local measurement and lust inspection, and divide it into five grades. In terms of land, the tax amount is fixed. " It is the "square field average tax law" implemented in Wang Anshi's political reform. Combined with the contents of the textbook, we can see the purpose of implementing the "recruitment law" and "land equalization law"
(2) Question: According to the teaching materials, in the Westernization Movement, a modern school, Shi Jing Wentong Museum, was founded, and the first batch of more than 30 foreign students were sent abroad for further study. In the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded. These measures have promoted the development of modern science and education. Question (3): According to the content of the textbook and the knowledge learned, the social relief measures adopted by Roosevelt's New Deal are "building office projects to increase employment opportunities" and the macro-control measures of government intervention in the economy, which are conducive to restoring social production and promoting the economic recovery of the United States.
Question (4): As can be seen from the materials, ① is the great discussion on the standard of truth after the Cultural Revolution, which laid the ideological foundation for the convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee made a great decision of reform and opening up, taking economic construction as the center and forming the second generation of the party's leading collective with Deng Xiaoping as the core; (2) The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the principles and policies of the basic line in the primary stage of socialism. ③ Discussed the theory of establishing the socialist market economic system. And (4) "China's foreign policy is independent and truly non-aligned." "The goal of China's foreign policy is to strive for world peace" is China's non-aligned foreign policy in the new period.
14. (Single subject in Shanghai in 2008) Reading materials and answers: (7 points)
The Russian people will also
For a long time as the owner's rag?
Are they long-term?
Buying and selling people,
Treat people like livestock?
Who made us slaves?
Who granted them aristocratic rights?
Who told them to ride?
On the heads of our poor people,
Waving a whip?
(1) What system does this poem describe? (l points)
(2) What is the author's attitude towards this system? Why? (2 points)
(3) What has happened to the position of "man" in the poem? (4 points)
Answer: (1) serfdom.
(2) Critically speaking, serfdom is an extremely backward and cruel system.
(3) 186 1 year, Russia carried out the serfdom reform and the serfs were liberated. They are legal freemen (or serfs are given personal freedom) and have the right to own property, change their occupation and participate in elections (or enjoy civil rights such as property, occupation and elections). Landlords cannot buy, sell, give or mortgage them as private property, nor can they interfere in their lives.
Analysis: This question examines the ability to extract effective information from materials. According to the information of "buying and selling people" and "becoming slaves" in the poems, we can know that there was serfdom in Russia at that time. The poet strongly condemned the evil of serfdom. Connecting with the reform measures of abolishing serfdom implemented by Alexander II in 186 1, we can analyze the change of the status of "people".
15. (Hainan, 2008) Read the following materials:
material
During the Ottoman Turkish Empire, the cylindrical red worship hat was a symbol of sacred religion and empire. 1923, Turkey was founded and Kemal was president. He chose the road of modernization with western characteristics and carried out reforms, but he met with great resistance. 1925, Kemal ordered the ban on wearing traditional Turkish worship hats and replaced them with European hats. However, this ban was widely resisted, and then the government stipulated that wearing a Turkish worship hat was guilty. This caused strong dissatisfaction and even public protests and riots in some places, but it was suppressed by Kemal and some people were hanged. After a period of strong promotion by Kemal government, many people finally began to wear European hats, thus bidding farewell to the traditional Turkish worship hats.
From Lewis's The Rise of Modern Turkey
(1) Explain the relationship between clothing change and social change by combining materials and learned knowledge. (2 points)
(2) Analyze the similarities and differences between the Kemal government's ban on wearing worship hats and the braid cutting movement in China after the Revolution of 1911. (6 points)
Answer:
(1) clothing changes reflect and promote social changes; Social change drives clothing change (2 points)
(2) the same: it happened in the period of great social change; Braids and worship hats are regarded as symbols of the old times; The government takes compulsory measures; It aims at accelerating social change. (4 points)
Different: the former focuses on changing traditional customs in order to learn from the west; The latter is mainly aimed at domestic ethnic oppression (2 points).
Analysis: This topic is to examine the reform in Turkey, and to reflect social changes and social progress with the change of clothing. The first question (1) focuses on the relationship between clothing changes and social changes, not just one aspect, insisting on social existence determines social consciousness. The second part is the similarities and differences of similar events in China and Turkey, so it is the key to find out the similarities between them, which can be answered from the background, means and methods of the times.
16. (Ningxia, 2008) Read the following materials:
Material: Peter was rejected by Europe in the past. He changed politics and ruled the earth. Under the pressure of Russia and the United States, Japan changed its course and looked to the East. These two countries were weakened with me at first, and then they became stronger with me. I heard that Japan's terrain is close to mine, and its politics and customs are the same as mine. It is the fastest and most detailed, so it is particularly easy to be caught off guard.
-Tang Zhijun compiled "Kang Youwei's Political Essays".
Material 2 1682 to 1725 Peter I, who was in power, adopted the western European model and carried out a thorough reform of Russia. 1697- 1698, he led a delegation to Germany, the Netherlands and Britain to learn their government management mode and military technology, recruited a large number of foreign experts to serve Russia, and carried out drastic reforms in the army, administrative system and lifestyle. In the mid-term, the forced beard cutting and robe cutting was a dramatic scene of its reform. In Russia at that time, most aristocrats ate a full meal all day, often dragging their robes lazily, and their beards were regarded as "decorations given by God" and did nothing. Peter ordered that beards were not allowed except for clergy. He even cut off the beard of the aristocrat himself, cut short the old-fashioned robes of the aristocrat at the banquet, and stipulated that only Western European short robes should be worn. The reform caused opposition from some people, including his son Aleck. After several hesitations, Peter executed his son. "In the whole history, there is hardly any personal influence who has made such a big deal ... He eagerly imposed a new culture on Russia through various methods, thus determining the future nature of his empire ... Because of his efforts, Russia has obviously fallen into an isolated state ... Since then, the history of Russia has become a part of European history and increasingly a part of world history.
From Palmer's Modern World History.
(1) According to the material 1, the main viewpoints of Kang Youwei are summarized. (6 points)
(2) According to the first and second materials and the knowledge learned, the similarities between Peter's Reform and Meiji Restoration are explained. (9 points)
Answer:
(1) The reforms in Russia and Japan have changed from weak to strong; China should follow the Japanese example, which is more effective.
(2) They are all top-down reforms; Learning from the West involves political, economic, military, cultural and social customs. The reform has achieved remarkable results, the national strength has been enhanced, and the state of isolation and helplessness has been shaken off.
Analysis: This question focuses on examining students' inductive and comparative abilities. The first question is about Kang Youwei's main point of view. We should grasp the main meaning of the material and summarize it a little. The second question is to compare the similarities between the two. The comparison of this reform is nothing more than background, purpose, nature, mode, content, result, influence and evaluation. As long as you find these comparison items, you can answer them smoothly.