Pollution-free vegetables do not use chemical pesticides. The key is how to use it scientifically and reasonably, which can not only prevent pests and diseases, but also reduce pollution, so that the pesticide residues in vegetables in the market can be controlled within the allowable range.
Aiming at the development of pollution-free vegetables, this paper mainly introduces their cultivation techniques, focusing on the production environment, variety selection, strong seedling cultivation, fitness cultivation, pest control and quality inspection. Liutong? At the same time, further technical measures for pollution-free vegetable production are taken to make the base environment, production technology and product quality meet the requirements of pollution-free standards.
Keywords: planting; Pollution-free vegetables; cultivation techniques
Cultivation techniques of 1
1. 1 Select environmental conditions.
(1), as a site condition for producing pollution-free vegetable fields, should be located in a pollution-free pollution source area 3 kilometers away from factories and hospitals.
(2) The planting plots should be convenient for irrigation and drainage, and the irrigation water quality should meet the national regulations.
(3) The soil of the planting plot should be deep and fertile, with good structure and organic matter content of 2% ~ 5%.
(4) The base area has a certain scale, and contiguous land is convenient for rotation and transportation.
1.2 Improve the field ecological conditions
(1) Improve vegetable production conditions. Improving vegetable production conditions includes three aspects: first, perfecting field water conservancy facilities and improving irrigation and drainage systems; The second is to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, so that the soil has a granular structure; The third is to improve the smooth flow of roads in the field and facilitate agricultural mechanization.
(2) Establish farmland rotation system. Different vegetable fields and varieties adopt different rotation systems.
(3) Using agricultural facilities to improve crop ecological conditions. (4) Popularize the vegetable intercropping and interplanting modes of different families and genera.
1.3 Improve cultivation and management measures to improve plant stress resistance and pest resistance.
(1) Clean up fields, remove weeds and cut off intermediate hosts of pests and diseases.
(2) Select excellent varieties.
(3) carrying out seed disinfection.
(4) Sow in time.
2 field planting management technology
2. 1 soil management
(1) Choose to plant different kinds of vegetables according to different soil types.
(2) Fine soil preparation.
(3) timely planting. According to the requirements of different varieties, reasonable close planting.
(4) timely intertillage, weeding and ridging.
(5) Vegetables such as beans and eggplant should be set, trimmed and thinned in time.
(6) Temperature and humidity management of small arch shed and greenhouse. The shed extends from north to south and can receive light evenly. Deep ditches are dug around the shed for drainage, and the vegetable fields in the shed are covered with plastic films. If there is pipeline micro-sprinkler irrigation, the pipeline should be placed in plastic film for irrigation. Ventilation and dehumidification depend on the weather. When the weather is cold, it is advisable to ventilate at noon and keep warm with plastic film at 3 pm. With the increase of temperature in the shed, the ventilation should be gradually increased.
2.2 Water resources management
(1) Sandy loam is often irrigated, and clay loam needs deep ditch drainage. Small water irrigation in low-lying areas? ,? Drainage and flood control? .
(2) Look at the sky and the seedling irrigation. Irrigate more on sunny days and less or no irrigation on cloudy days and cold days. Don't water the leaves that are not wilting at noon, water the leaves that are slightly wilting, and water more. Summer and summer water must be before 9: 00 am or after 17: 00 pm. Try to avoid watering at noon.
(3) Irrigation should be carried out according to different vegetables and different water requirements in the growing period. Irrigation methods: First, furrow irrigation. Trench irrigation drains water immediately after the soil absorbs water to the border height 1/2 ~ 2/3. Summer should be held after evening. The second is watering. Water thoroughly every time, short-term green leafy vegetables do not need to be watered every day.
2.3 Fertilization methods
(1) Fertilization principle: First, organic fertilizers such as decomposed manure and compost are selected as the main materials, supplemented by mineral fertilizers. It is forbidden to use municipal refuse fertilizer. Raw vegetables such as lettuce and coriander are prohibited from being used as topdressing. Second, strictly control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it may cause nitrate accumulation in vegetables.
(2) Application method: First, topdressing the base fertilizer. 70% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and 30% as topdressing. Among them, 60% nitrogen fertilizer is used as topdressing. Organic fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer and plant ash are all used as base fertilizers, and other fertilizers can be partially used as base fertilizers. Organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are mixed to make base fertilizer. The second is topdressing? Guard your head and attack the middle tail? Go on. Apply thin fertilizer mainly nitrogen fertilizer many times at seedling stage; In the early stage of vegetable growth, topdressing is the main method, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be paid attention to; Little or no topdressing before harvest. The key points of fertilization for all kinds of vegetables are root vegetables, onions, garlic and yam, and the key points of fertilization are in the early stage of bulb or root tuber expansion; Cabbage, cabbage, mustard, etc. The key point of fertilization is at the beginning of heading or at the beginning of heading; Pumpkin, eggplant and legume are the key points of fertilization after 1 flower bears fruit. The third is the precautions. Topdressing according to the weather: topdressing is more in high temperature and southerly days, but less or no topdressing is needed in low temperature and northerly days. Topdressing should be combined with artificial irrigation, intertillage and soil tillage. At the same time, weather conditions, soil water content and other factors should be considered.
(3) Using plant growth regulators to promote vegetable growth and enhance disease resistance.
2.4 Improvement of harmful substances in soil
(1) 20kg lime, 1000kg manure or 1.5kg sulfur combined with base fertilizer should be applied to short-term leafy vegetables every 667m2.
(2) For long-term vegetables, the dosage of lime is 25 kg per 667m2, and the dosage of sulfur is 2 kg per 667m2.
3 pest control
3. 1 Agricultural control
By selecting varieties resistant (tolerant) to pests and diseases, a set of agricultural measures such as fitness cultivation, reasonable rotation, interplanting and crop layout are adopted to improve the stress resistance of vegetables and reduce the harm of pests and diseases. 3.2 Physical control is an ideal pollution-free control method by creating ecological conditions that are not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases, but are beneficial to or do not hinder the growth of vegetables. Such as color plate trap, insect net, etc.
3.3 Biological control
Biological control is a method of controlling harmful animal and plant populations and harmful microorganisms or reducing their harm by using organisms or their metabolites, that is, introducing natural enemies and controlling insects with insects.
3.4 Chemical control
Pollution-free vegetables do not use chemical pesticides. The key is how to use it scientifically and reasonably, which can not only prevent pests and diseases, but also reduce pollution, so that the pesticide residues in vegetables in the market can be controlled within the allowable range.
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