1 to prevent hepatitis from turning into liver cancer.
According to the data released by the World Health Organization, 257 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBsAg positive). In just 20 15 a year, hepatitis B caused 887,000 deaths, mostly due to complications (including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). About 1 100 million people in China are infected with hepatitis, accounting for13 of the total burden of hepatitis in the world. Nearly 500,000 people in China die of severe liver diseases (mainly liver cancer and cirrhosis) every year, among which liver cancer accounts for the majority, and 80% of liver cancer is caused by early infection with chronic hepatitis B or C. When it comes to hepatitis, many people think it is contagious, difficult to cure and discriminated against. With the progress of medicine and the change of related policies, the prevention and treatment of hepatitis has been greatly improved in recent years, and fruitful results have been achieved. However, China has a large population base, and its acceptance of popular science knowledge is different. There are still many misunderstandings and puzzles about the transmission route, harm and prevention of hepatitis. Therefore, on the occasion of World Hepatitis Day on July 28th, Phoenix Health invited He Shengqi (hereinafter referred to as "Dr. He"), deputy director of oncology department of Wangjing Hospital of Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, to share with you the common sense of hepatitis and the "intimate" relationship between hepatitis and liver cancer.
Phoenix Health: What are the transmission routes of hepatitis? Which route of transmission is the most common?
Dr. He: Hepatitis includes hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E, among which hepatitis B is the most common and the most harmful. The most common route of transmission of hepatitis B virus is mother-to-child transmission during childbirth (perinatal transmission) or horizontal transmission (contact with infected blood), especially from infected children to uninfected children in the first five years of life. It is more common for infants infected by their mothers and infants infected before the age of 5 to develop into slow-onset infections; Secondly, hepatitis B can also be transmitted through skin or mucous membrane contact with infected blood and various body fluids, and can also be transmitted through saliva, menstrual blood, female private parts fluid and semen. Hepatitis B may also be transmitted sexually, especially between men who have sex with unvaccinated men and heterosexuals who have multiple sexual partners or have contact with sex workers. In addition, the spread of the virus may also occur in medical places or when injecting drug users repeatedly use needles and syringes. In addition, infection may also occur during medical treatment (hemodialysis, blood transfusion), surgery and dental surgery, and tattoo, or through the use of razors or other types of articles contaminated by infected blood.
Phoenix Health: How to prevent the spread of hepatitis B virus in daily life?
Dr. He: Hepatitis B vaccination is the main method to prevent hepatitis B. It is recommended that all babies be vaccinated as soon as possible (preferably within 24 hours) after birth. Usually, you can choose one of the following two schemes: three-dose method, the first dose (monovalent vaccine) is inoculated at birth, and the second and third doses (monovalent vaccine or combined vaccine) are inoculated simultaneously with the first and third doses of DTP vaccine respectively; Four-dose method, that is, one dose of monovalent vaccine is inoculated at birth, and then three doses of monovalent vaccine or combined vaccine are inoculated, usually at the same time as other conventional children's vaccines. More than 95% of infants, children and adolescents can produce protective antibodies after being vaccinated with a full range of vaccines. The protection period is at least 20 years, and most of them may be immune for life. The global unsafe injection decreased from 39% in 2000 to 5% in 20 10. Safer sex, including minimizing the number of sexual partners and using barrier protection measures (condoms), can also prevent transmission. Suggestions can be made from the following aspects:
First, in the family, it should be clear whether all family members carry hepatitis virus. If they do, they should take preventive measures as much as possible and try to share their meals. If there is a bag at home, it is neither hygienic nor safe for hepatitis B virus carriers to taste the temperature and chew it before feeding it to their babies.
Second, avoid needle infection and iatrogenic infection in medical and health institutions. Such as irregular scraping, acupuncture and bloodletting, blood transfusion in medical institutions, hemodialysis, dental treatment and so on.
Phoenix Health: What are the symptoms of hepatitis?
Dr. He: The liver is the largest digestive gland in the human digestive system. The liver produces bile needed by the digestive system. Bile is a very important digestive juice. The liver is infected by hepatitis B virus, and its shape and function are disturbed and destroyed, which will inevitably affect the digestive function of the human body. Therefore, the main symptoms of hepatitis B are digestive tract symptoms, such as anorexia, anorexia, greasy, nausea and vomiting. Abdominal fullness; Fatigue, exhaustion, feeling very tired and other symptoms. Some patients may have jaundice fever, hepatomegaly and liver function damage; Some patients have urticaria, joint pain or upper respiratory symptoms. If it is active hepatitis for many years or has developed into cirrhosis, there will be special manifestations such as spider nevus and liver palm.
Phoenix Health: The most common inducing factors of liver cancer are chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Hepatitis is only one step away from liver cancer, and nearly 1/3 hepatitis B will turn into cirrhosis. So, must the final outcome of hepatitis be liver cancer? How to prevent hepatitis from approaching liver cancer?
Dr. He: Nearly 6,543.8 billion people are carriers of hepatitis B or patients with chronic hepatitis, but only a few of them actually develop liver cancer. Under what circumstances will hepatitis eventually develop into liver cancer? When hepatitis is not treated in time, liver cells are repeatedly stimulated by inflammation, which causes changes in the morphology and function of the liver, thus forming a state of cirrhosis and liver fibrosis. If this state continues to be attacked by the virus, some people will change from cirrhosis to the formation of liver cancer nodules. Therefore, I would like to remind everyone that active and reasonable treatment and control of hepatitis, once it reaches cirrhosis, is generally difficult to cure. Don't think that only liver cancer is life-threatening. If cirrhosis develops into decompensation, it will also threaten people's lives. Therefore, we must curb the trend of hepatitis developing into cirrhosis. Generally speaking, to prevent liver cancer, we must first control liver diseases (mainly hepatitis) and do a good job in quantitative control and detection of virus and liver function. For patients with long-term active hepatitis or liver cirrhosis, it is necessary to regularly monitor hepatitis B, liver function, viral DNA index and alpha-fetoprotein (an index for screening early liver cancer), and liver color ultrasound should also be done regularly. Liver cancer is not the only way out for hepatitis, but the probability of hepatitis patients suffering from liver cancer is much higher than that of normal people, but we should not lose heart, actively treat liver diseases, eat reasonably, stay up late, work overtime, drink alcohol and sulk, so as to give hepatitis a chance to turn the corner. It should be pointed out that patients with liver disease must not drink alcohol. Liver disease drinks a lot, and liver cancer knocks early.
Phoenix Health: Which bad habits hurt the liver the most in daily life? Stay up late, drink, etc. ) Which of these injuries are irreversible?
Dr. He: Alcoholism is the most common bad habit of damaging the liver, and it is not uncommon in alcoholic hepatitis. I have encountered alcoholic liver cancer in clinic before. So I advise you not to drink too much. Alcohol injury to the liver is not a lie. People who drink too much are also prone to pancreatic cancer. What other habits are bad for the liver? Stay up late. Chinese medicine believes that the liver governs the storage of blood, and staying up late is very harmful to blood, so remind everyone not to stay up late. In eating habits, avoid too much greasy food, because these fried and grilled foods are liver-damaging foods, and excessive intake will increase the burden on the liver. The increase of oil requires digestive enzymes and enough bile decomposition, which will constantly promote the liver to decompose these substances, thus destroying a stable state of the liver.
Phoenix Health: How to eat liver-nourishing and liver-protecting health products?
Dr. He: Actually, the so-called health care products for nourishing and protecting the liver have no outstanding performance. In order to maintain the liver, we must first have a healthy diet. My view on the so-called healthy diet is that Chinese medicine believes that the liver is blue and sexual growth is happy. First of all, recommend green vegetables, such as broccoli, cucumber, asparagus and other foods that are very good for the liver, as well as bean sprouts and fungus ingredients.
Phoenix Health: What measures are there to nourish and protect the liver in summer?
Dr. He: In summer, the temperature is high, the weather is hot, the humidity is high, the days are long and the nights are short, and the rest time is insufficient. Therefore, the focus of nourishing and protecting the liver in summer is to ensure adequate sleep and rest time. Lack of sleep will hurt the liver, so it is often said that everyone is angry and easily loses his temper in summer. Anger hurts the liver, so it is easy to get angry and anger hurts the liver. From this point of view, the important point of nourishing and protecting the liver in summer is to purge the liver fire. I suggest you eat more bitter in summer. Chinese medicine believes that "bitterness" can dry dampness, and bitterness can purge fire. It is suggested to eat more bitter food, such as bitter gourd and bitter chrysanthemum, which can not only cool down the fire, but also nourish and protect the liver.
At the end of the interview, He Shengqi, deputy chief physician of Wangjing Hospital, said that although most patients with liver cancer have a tragic ending, the future of liver disease is getting brighter and brighter overall. The reason is that in recent years, data show that there are fewer and fewer hepatitis patients in China, and several well-known hepatitis specialties in Beijing are shrinking, indicating that this disease is becoming less and less, which is closely related to the government's efforts to promote hepatitis B vaccination and strengthen the prevention of vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus from mother to child a few years ago. Most patients with liver cancer and cirrhosis originated from hepatitis. In hepatitis prevention week, we should vigorously publicize the prevention and treatment of hepatitis, let everyone know the harm of hepatitis and know how to treat hepatitis, so as to do a good job in the prevention and treatment of liver disease. In addition, in recent years, the government has vigorously promoted hepatitis B vaccination and liver cancer screening in the prevention and treatment of hepatitis and liver diseases. I believe that there will be fewer and fewer hepatitis and liver cancer in the future. Generally speaking, the prevention and treatment of liver cancer should start with the prevention and treatment of hepatitis.
2. How to keep the liver healthy?
1, keep normal weight.
Being overweight will make the liver work harder and increase the risk of fatty liver. If the whole body fat is reduced, the liver fat will also be reduced, and even the increased liver function index of patients with liver disease will be significantly reduced. The ideal way to lose weight is a balanced diet and regular exercise.
2. Keep away from all kinds of instruments that may be contaminated by blood.
In daily life, drugs should try to avoid unnecessary blood transfusion and injection. Don't use a toothbrush either. Close contact with others should be minimized, and instruments that may be contaminated by blood should also be avoided as much as possible.
3, a balanced diet
An unbalanced diet increases the burden on the liver. The liver is responsible for converting the food you eat into the energy source of your body. It is more difficult for the liver to convert non-carbohydrates into energy than carbohydrates into energy.
A balanced diet.
The balanced combination of dietary energy should be that 55-65% comes from carbohydrate energy (such as rice and pasta), 65,438+065,438+0-65,438+05% comes from protein energy (such as meat and beans), and 20-30% comes from fat energy, among which unsaturated fat accounts for 85% (such as vegetable oil).
4. Pay attention to food hygiene
In terms of diet, we must be careful not to drink raw water and try not to use seafood and other foods, because they are easily infected by some viruses, and if eaten, it is likely to cause certain harm to our liver.
5. Don't drink or smoke.
Drinking alcohol will increase the probability of fatty liver and alcoholic liver disease, and patients with liver disease should stop drinking alcohol completely. Smoking is related to liver cancer.
6, pay attention to sleep time
The normal sleep time of adults should be 8 hours. Under normal circumstances, they should go to bed around 23 o'clock, 1 and go into a deep sleep state at 3 o'clock in the morning. This time is the best time to nourish liver blood, otherwise, they will not be able to nourish enough blood.
Therefore, people should not stay up late, and don't let staying up late hurt the liver.
7. Don't use drugs blindly.
When we are sick, some drugs we take will be dissolved by our liver, so we should try to avoid misusing other drugs except some doctors' prescription drugs, because taking different drugs will have an interaction and seriously affect our liver's ability to metabolize drugs.