Construction and protection of urban waterfront open space landscape (paper)
Since 1980s, in order to improve the urban landscape and natural ecological environment, Fuzhou has finally established a national garden city and built a large number of public green spaces in the urban waterfront. These green spaces have their own characteristics, different clients and different waterfront open space landscapes. It is quite beneficial to review the present situation of waterfront open space in these cities.
(1) Waterfront green space serving residents in residential areas is often in short supply. Adjacent to the urban residential new village, the width of green space is small. For example, the waterfront green space in Baimahe Park is generally only a dozen or twenty meters wide, and at most it is 30 ~ 40m meters. It is built along the river bank and has a flat terrain. The landscape of waterfront open space is mainly plant landscaping, supplemented by some landscape sketches, with small and exquisite landscape characteristics; Another example is Baimahe Park in Fuzhou, which is built in 1990, with an area of 5.82h㎡, adjacent to Liming New Village and Shanghai New Village; Jin 'anhe Park in Fuzhou, built in 199 1, covers an area of 15.55438+0m2, and is adjacent to Yang Xia New Village, Sharp New Village and Wangzhuang New Village. These new villages and Binhe Park are separated by a road seven or eight meters wide, which is very convenient to use and serves the residents of the new villages. This kind of green space covers an area of 83.7h㎡, accounting for 24.5% of the waterfront public green space.
(2) Urban riverside road green belts generally extend along urban roads, with different widths, or less than 10m or 40-50mk. Waterfront green spaces are mostly urban riverside wasteland and mixed settlements. The landscape of the reconstructed waterfront open space is also dominated by plants, and the use of landscape sketches is emphasized. For example, Fuzhou Cang Qian Park, built in 1988, covers an area of1.5m2; ; 1996 ~ 1997 built Jiang Bin avenue public green space, with a length of 26km, a width of 8 ~ 15 ~ 20m and an area of nearly 28h㎡. As an open road public green space, streets are dominated by plants. This kind of green space covers an area of 60.3h㎡, accounting for 17.7% of waterfront public green space.
(3) Large-scale demolition of dilapidated houses in the waterfront and construction of parks and green spaces. In recent years, Fuzhou's economic strength has increased, and tens of thousands of square meters of illegal buildings and dilapidated buildings along the river have been demolished. Newly-built waterfront areas, such as Minjiang Park, have a north shore line length of 5.5km, a riverside green space width of 100 ~ 200 m and an area of 47.5 h ㎡; The south bank line is 7km long, the riverside green space is about 150m wide and covers an area of 65,000 ㎡, which improves the transformation of Fuzhou waterfront urban space landscape and beautifies the urban landscape image.
(4) Use the natural green space of waterfront beach to build urban public leisure and entertainment green space. The coastal plants in this kind of green space grow healthily and have a good green landscape, which can protect the original appearance of natural ecological landscape well. For example, Fuzhou Jinshan Park, which is under construction now, is located in the south of Fuzhou Jinshan New District, on the east side of the first phase of the Third Ring Road, adjacent to the old urban flood dike in the east-the newly-built south dike and the planned road in the west. The natural landscape resources of the park construction base are superior, tree-lined and rich in species. There are also many ancient banyan trees and egrets reflecting the local characteristics of Rongcheng, Fuzhou. The water surface of the river bend is wide and stable, with a width of 100 ~ 200 m, and the park landscape has a rich natural ecological landscape of rural wetlands.
(5) The waterfront mining area will be built into a waterfront sightseeing spot. This kind of public green space goes down along the river bank, and the original landform is desolate and dilapidated. After the renovation, it quickly changed the open space landscape of the waterfront and became a beautiful tourist attraction. For example, the riverbank 3 kilometers away from Jingangtun, Minjiang Estuary, Changle City used to be an altar for mining granite stones. After decades of mining, the rock wall is steep, the vegetation is incomplete, the soil is lost, and the natural ecology is destroyed. After nearly two years of renovation in Changle City, the waterfront cultural landscape and natural geographical resources have been utilized, and the waterfront mining pits have been recycled, and beautiful tourist attractions have been built.
(6) Using the original wetland landforms, construct wetland reserves. For example, in Minjiang Estuary, the natural wetlands that have not been seriously damaged by human activities include Eel Island Wetland, Daoqingzhou Wetland, and the wetland park built outside the embankment of Jinshan New District in Fuzhou. They all use natural ecological environment resources such as beach vegetation and waterfront to form corridors and protect natural ecological landscape plates and biodiversity.
The above six waterfront areas have effectively improved the ecological landscape level of waterfront green space and improved the living, leisure, entertainment and fitness environment of the people.
2. The creativity of waterfront green space design and the forming effect of space landscape.
2. 1 Create a beautiful waterfront human settlement landscape
The open space located near the urban residents' new village is planned and designed to serve the residents of the new village. The service radius of this kind of waterfront green space is less than 500m, which requires creating beautiful waterfront residential landscape, putting forward the creative design concept of "people-oriented" and achieving the goal through various design measures.
In the waterfront public green space, according to the principle of human behavior engineering, various fitness facilities and equipment are arranged to create a comfortable and leisure space environment. The width of the trail is 1.2 ~ 1.5m, which allows two people to walk towards each other and walk loosely under the tree. Paving should be smooth, paving squares should be arranged near the water surface as far as possible, and more comfortable chairs should be set by the water for people to watch and enjoy the water features.
2.2 Pursuing the beautiful landscape of garden plants and exerting the ecological community effect of nature.
The beauty of garden plants is the concrete embodiment of modern landscape beauty. According to the rhythm and proportion of the beauty of garden art, it expresses the scale of flora through the combined layout of similar plants and the same kind of plants, thus embodying the majestic momentum of landscape and expressing the beauty of combined plant landscape. Garden plants are arranged according to ecological laws, so as to maximize the natural ecological community effect of plants and improve the ecological environment; It also sends a lot of oxygen to the city, becoming the "green lung of the city" and alleviating the urban heat island effect to the maximum extent. For example, the greening of Jin 'an River Park and Guangminggang Park. This paper mainly studies the plant community landscape of Jinan Park. Jin 'an River Park is located on both sides of Jin 'an River, and has opened up a strip-shaped waterfront open green space with a width of 20 ~ 30m and a length of about 7km. There are many decorative facades on the banks of the park. Canopy lines are undulating, with rich color and seasonal changes. Most importantly, Jin 'anhe Park pursues spectacular garden plant communities, which embodies the landscape characteristics of group beauty. From south to north, there are Guilin Scenic Area, Nanyang Mountain Scenic Area (Love Country Garden) and Coconut Forest Spring Moon Scenic Area in turn.
Kuilin Scenic Area is located in the riverside section of Wangzhuang New Village in Jin 'an River Park, with more than 200 meters of waterfront green space along the river. Dense, natural group planting 3 ~ 8 meters high mallow forest. The design layout is 35 ~ 35 clumps with a spacing of 4 ~ 8m, and three 200 ~ 300m2 woodland lawns are arranged. Clusters of beautiful shrubs and flowers, such as Stipa grandis, Seven Sisters, Nanyingchun, Fusang and Murraya paniculata, are also arranged on the edge of the sunflower forest and on the river bank, which adds color changes and enriches the changes of levels and seasons. The high-spirited Pukuilin makes people feel enterprising, and the lush and pure forest landscape is full of rich subtropical southern scenery.
Ai Xiang Garden Scenic Area is located in the riverside green space more than 200 meters east of Jinan River, north of Fuma Road. There are 92 nanmu forests, the plant height is tens of meters, and the main tree species are nanmu, nanmu and nanmu, forming an open waterfront public green space landscape. Plants such as Mayingdan, Nanyingchun, Banyan Ball, Fusang and Bauhinia are planted on the shore and the edge of green space to form Aralia elata forest. The soft horizontal line is in sharp contrast with the majestic vertical line of Aralia elata, showing a beautiful vertical reflection in the water.
Coconut grove spring moon scenic spot is an open green land with a length of 1km to the north of Jinan River Bridge and the west bank of Jinan River. The palm mixed forest is designed and planted with more than 30 kinds of palm plants, such as Hubei begonia, Hubei begonia, seashore begonia, betel nut, queen sunflower, cluster nightshade, long-eared nightshade, king coconut, scattered nightshade and brown bamboo. There are also gold leaves, small wax balls, red thorn trees, yucca elephant legs, and southern winter jasmine. A large number of trees, shrubs and lawn plants combine to form a natural community and become an urban ecological corridor, which has played a positive role in improving the urban ecological environment. In addition, there are plant landscapes with the beauty of waterfront green belt groups, and the mixed forest belt of mallow and bauhinia in Guangming Port.
2.3 Make full use of historical and cultural landscape resources to show the landscape characteristics of waterfront open space.
Combined with the topographic transformation, the long-standing local historical and cultural accumulation will be excavated and utilized to form a historical and cultural landscape. This design concept is another landscape feature of Fuzhou waterfront open green space.
For example, the Minjiang Estuary in Changle was once the waiting place and supply berth of Zheng He's seven voyages to the West in the Ming Dynasty. In order to develop and construct the scenic tourist belt in Minjiang Estuary, Changle City has built a 3-kilometer-long waterfront open public green space. To commemorate the 600th anniversary of Zheng He's voyage to the West, the 800-meter-long green scenic spot that was once the waterfront of Minjiang Shipping Terminal was turned into "Zheng He Square", covering an area of nearly 4.5 square meters. Make full use of the history of Zheng He's fleet's seven voyages to the West, and start from Changle, build a swearing-in platform, a three-treasure pavilion, a lookout platform, Zheng He's military camp, a hydrophilic berth, a memorial hall for Zheng He's historical relics, a statue of Zheng He, and various trees, flowers and lawns. For the past quarries and gravel yards, cover the soil by 0.50 ~ 1.00 m, clean the rock wall, and plant various banyan trees, mangoes, palm trees, vertical climbing plants and seasonal flowers to form a beautiful waterfront green space. After the opening up, there was an endless stream of tourists.
Another example is Minfeng Garden, the northern park of Minjiang River, which was completed two years ago with an area of 5.81m 2. The outer side of the flood dike uses the former site of the local shipyard to highlight the historical and cultural landscape of Fuzhou ancient city for more than 2000 years. The exquisite huge relief of Fujian Chunqiu tells people many brilliant achievements of Fuzhou, forming a historical and cultural corridor with strong local characteristics and becoming a must-see for Chinese and foreign tourists.
2.4 According to the hydrophilic design concept, create various hydrophilic landscapes.
Hydrophilia is a characteristic of human beings; Water is the soul of gardens. Therefore, fully showing the landscape relationship between people and water is another design concept of waterfront open space.
Jiang Bin Park Minshui Park covers an area of1.5m2.. Taking Minjiang culture as the main line, this paper uses abstract artistic expression techniques to express the design concept of "Min Shui Chang Min Jiang Qing" and reflect the emotional relationship between people and water. Min Shui Ballad and Relief depict the customs on both sides of the Minjiang River and the water cultural landscape that Min people use, transform, protect and live in harmony with nature. The sculpture "Min Shui Soul" embodies the spirit of Du Min's children's struggle, and sublimates the idea of gardening that people and water depend on each other. Waterfront is the biggest feature that constitutes the space of riverside water park, so we should organize the magnificent scenery of Minjiang River into the viewing angle of riverside scenery in the park. In order to let tourists appreciate the perspective to the maximum extent. In order to let tourists enjoy the scenery of the Minjiang River to the greatest extent and satisfy people's morning exercises and leisure activities at night, a large area of waterfront paved squares has been arranged in various parks and scenic spots along the river.
For example, Taijiang Riverside Park has planned a pavement square of nearly 8,000 square meters; Cang Qian Park also has a 3,700 ㎡ paved square; In the colorful garden, Minshui garden, Minfeng garden and other scenic spots, the square will be extended to the water's edge, and platforms of various elevations will be made to let tourists get in close contact with the water and meet people's requirements for hydrophilicity. In Jinsha Garden and Xihe Garden, the hiking platform will be changed into an endless beach, so that tourists can enjoy themselves on the beach of more than 30,000 square meters, bathe in the sunshine between the beach and the clear water, and enjoy the artistic conception of leisure and flying endowed by nature.
However, in Zhenghe Square in Changle, Fuzhou, due to the strong wind and waves at the mouth of the Minjiang River, adding railings and benches on the boat-shaped platform near the water makes people feel the spectacular momentum of Zheng Hewan's fleet, which is also a wonderful hydrophilic practice.
2.5 the use of natural geography and ecological resources to build waterfront tourism landscape.
In the waterfront open space, some areas can make use of and fully tap the natural geography and ecological resources to serve the scenic tourism and lighting industry. For example, Jin'gangtui Rock Rock Scenic Area at the mouth of Minjiang River in Changle. Jin'gangtui Rock Rock used to be a boulder halfway up the mountain, extending to the bank of Minjiang River, forming a boulder shaped like a natural diamond thigh. Hanging under the curved legs, it looks like an arch bridge, with feet like boots and toes sticking up. It has been commonly known as "Jin'gangtui Rock Rock" since ancient times. Above the legs, on the rock wall in the Mid-Levels, there is a stone carving with four characters "Foot of King Kong" inscribed by China Navy SaZhenBing. In the Japanese book research in Fuzhou, Jin'gangtui Rock Rock is called the immortal foot. Jin'gangtui Rock Rock, Wuhu Reef at the mouth of Minjiang River, North and South Turtles and Imperial Well are also called "Seven Scenes at the Mouth of Minjiang River". According to the hydrological survey over the years, the sole elevation of Jin'gangtui Rock Rock Boots is 4.83 meters, and the leg and ankle elevation is 8.42 meters. In recent 60 years, the average water level elevation of Mawei in Fuzhou is only 2.76 meters, and the highest water level is only 6.48 meters ... Jin'gangtui Rock Rock's legs and ankles have never been submerged by floods or tides in Minjiang River. Therefore, as the saying goes, "The flood can't reach Jin'gangtui Rock Rock". The completed Jin'gangtui Rock Rock Park is dedicated to riprap along the waterfront, and tells the story of the development of Tankou, a rock quarry in Jin'gangtui Rock, as well as the legend of the history and natural landforms of Jin'gangtui Rock Rock.
In Jin'gangtui Rock Rock Scenic Area, there is also a natural landscape, that is, Jin'gangtui Rock Rock is just on the dividing line between water and seawater at the mouth of Minjiang River. So inside and outside the legs and thighs, the water is salty and light. Due to the jacking action of tides, driftwood and floating objects in the upper reaches of Minjiang River are also swirling on the water near Jin'gangtui Rock Rock. In 2002, Jin'gangtui Rock Rock Park built the boundary markers of seawater and fresh water here to reflect the natural geographical landscape of Jin'gangtui Rock Rock.
The above-mentioned waterfront natural landforms are all left over from natural history and formed by succession. After manual processing, sorting and recycling, it forms a famous natural landform. There is also a natural waterfront landscape, which is endowed by nature. Only by protecting it well can we make sustainable use of it-waterfront natural wetland landscape.
At present, there are many types of waterfront natural wetlands near Fuzhou city, which have been developed and protected. For example, Jinshan Wetland Park only plants various trees and shrubs on the basis of cleaning up the original natural landforms, which is conducive to the protection of natural wetlands.
There is also a kind of wetland with a large area, and the natural original landform is a little far from the city, with less human interference. Such wetlands should be strictly protected according to law, and development and utilization are strictly prohibited. Such as Daoqingzhou natural wetland landscape, development and utilization are strictly prohibited. Such as Daoqingzhou natural wetland landscape and Eel Island natural wetland landscape, only by strict protection can they become permanent ecological patches of urban biodiversity. Once this wetland is developed, it will cause great damage to the urban ecological environment.
Daoqingzhou wetland covers an area of about 2.3k㎡, which is less than 10km away from the urban area. It is the largest wetland nearest to Fuzhou, located at the intersection of Minjiang River, Wulong River and Bailong River. You can hardly see it at high tide, but you can only see Daozhou land at low tide.
At present, the natural conditions of Daoqingzhou wetland are good, and all kinds of animal and plant resources are rich, with 85 species of seed plants. There are 39 species of fish and plankton 1 10 in the nearby sea area. In the wide intertidal beach, there are abundant fish and shrimp, especially crustaceans and bivalves, which are the main food of birds. Due to the suitable conditions, more than 30 species of waterfowl, mainly egrets and herons, were attracted in different seasons, which once became a unique ecological landscape here.
At present, the regeneration and protection of Daoqingzhou wetland landscape has attracted the attention of relevant parties. Private funds and organizations participate in the natural ecological environment of wetlands.
2.6 According to the planning and design concept, we will create a meaningful waterfront landscape.
General landscape designers are creative through various design thinking activities, using various garden plants, landscape sketches and structures, as well as various planning and composition. Use all kinds of ideas to build a modeling landscape, that is, image landscape. "Jiuzhou Fiona Fang" was designed to commemorate the 31st visit to China by Fujian compatriots in Japan. Located in the middle section of Jin 'an River Park, there is a cedar lawn in the south and a cherry blossom garden in the north. The main attraction is the flower bed platform superimposed by 20m× 20m Fiona Fang. 9 plum blossoms, 9 cherry blossoms and 9 wintersweet, as well as banyan balls and jasmine flowers reflecting Rongcheng's local characteristics, are planted in the flower bed of the bottom square platform. The center of the upper circular platform is a stainless steel sculpture with a height of 6.3 meters. The base of the sculpture is nine-angled, with polished granite veneer. The ground of the circular platform is divided into nine arc plots, which are paved with fire prevention boards and polished granite boards according to the pattern. Carve nine plum blossom relief patterns, symbolizing the long-standing traditional cultural spirit of China; 9 steps up and down the platform, "Fiona Fang on nine continents" means that the traditional friendship between the Chinese and Japanese people is in full swing, as noble as plum blossoms and as brilliant as cherry blossoms.
The gate of Wanglongyuan Scenic Area in Minjiang Park is shaped like a dragon, which is the landmark landscape of the whole park. It was designed according to historical legend, that is, the king of Fujian in the late Tang Dynasty hooked a white dragon on the Fuzhou River and flew to the sky. The dragon held his head high, looked at the distance, spread his wings and danced.
The open-air singing platform, which can accommodate 2,500 people, is the main scene of the colorful garden scenic spot, surrounded by colorful and ever-changing water features, spiral stands and five sets of sail-shaped steel frames, which are just like white sails sailing in the river.
There is an "auspicious park" in the scenic tourist area of Minjiangkou, Changle. Taking auspicious Changle as the theme, according to the traditional auspicious meaning of China, the sculpture is assembled with stone relief scenery and the theme is "Vientiane Renewal". In the banyan bamboo forest, the path winds forward, setting up a landscape sequence of carved boulders; Smooth sailing, the rise of the four seas, gossip Tai Chi, Vientiane update and so on. , expressing the good wishes of peace, happiness, auspiciousness and well-being.
Of course, there are still some unsatisfactory places in Fuzhou. For example, some residential new villages are close to Neijiang, and there are few green belts; Some beaches and sandbar wetlands along the great rivers are gradually being transformed into living places. Therefore, the contradiction between the development and protection of waterfront is still very serious. The protection and reuse of waterfront open space is still an arduous historical topic, which needs us to study.