1. Abrasions are superficial abrasions of the skin. If the scratch is shallow, apply red mercury; If the bruised wound is dirty or oozing blood, the wound should be debrided with normal saline, and then mercuric chloride should be applied.
2. Muscle strain refers to the injury caused by the tearing of muscle fibers. It is mainly caused by excessive exercise or insufficient warm-up. The severity of the injury can be known according to the degree of pain. Once the pain is induced, stop exercising immediately, and apply ice cubes or cold towels to the pain points for 30 minutes to make the small blood vessels contract and relieve local congestion and edema. Avoid rubbing and hot compress.
3. Contusive tissue damage caused by blunt instrument hitting local body. Minor injuries do not require special treatment. After 24 hours of cold compress, tincture of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis can be used for external use with Shangshi Zhitong ointment. Cold compress on the first day after injury and hot compress on the second day can be absorbed and disappeared in about 1 week. For severe contusion, Yunnan Baiyao and Chinese liquor can be applied to the wound and bandaged, and the dressing should be changed every other day 1 time. Physical therapy 2~3 times a day.
4. The sprain is due to the sudden and excessive distortion of the joints, which distorts the ligaments and tendons attached to the joints. It mostly occurs in ankle joint, knee joint, wrist joint and waist, and sprains in different parts have different treatment methods. 1. Acute lumbar sprain can make the patient lie on the thick wooden bed on his back, with a pillow under his waist, first cold compress, then hot compress. 2. Joint sprain When ankle joint, knee joint and wrist joint are sprained, the sprained part should be raised, first cold compress, and then hot compress in two or three days. If the sprained part is swollen and the skin is blue and purple, you can stew it with half a catty of old vinegar and dip it in a towel, 2~3 times a day, each time 10 minute.
5. Dislocation is joint dislocation. Once dislocated, tell the patient to keep quiet, don't move, and don't rub the dislocated part. If the dislocated part is in the shoulder, the patient's elbow can be bent at a right angle, the forearm and elbow can be held up with a triangle towel, hung on the neck, and then a wide band is wrapped around the shoulder and chest, and the opposite chest can be tied. If the dislocated part is in the hip, let the patient lie on the stretcher and take him to the hospital immediately.
6. Fracture. There are two kinds of common fractures: one is that the skin is not broken, there is no wound, and the broken bone is not connected with the outside world, which is called closed fracture; The other is that the bone tip passes through the skin and there is a wound communicating with the outside world, which is called an open fracture. For open fractures, it is not allowed to take them back by hand to avoid osteomyelitis. After preliminary dressing and hemostasis with sterile gauze, it was fixed with a flat plate and sent to hospital for treatment. After fracture, the limbs are unstable and easy to move, which will aggravate the injury and cause severe pain. The upper and lower joints of the fracture site can be fixed with wooden boards and plastic plates. If you can't find the fixation material for a while and the fracture is in the upper limb, you can bend the straight joint and fix it on the trunk; If the fracture is in the lower limb, the leg and foot can be straightened and fixed on the opposite limb. Suspected spinal fracture, you need to lie flat on a bed board or stretcher, and wrap your torso with clothes and sheets. , so as not to move. Don't lift the head of the injured person to avoid spinal cord injury and paraplegia. Coma patients should lie down and turn their heads to one side to avoid inhaling vomit into the lungs when vomiting. When a cervical fracture is suspected, it is necessary to place pillows on both sides of the head and neck or support the patient's head and neck to prevent it from shaking during transportation.
Causes of sports injuries
1. Insufficient physical preparation
Reason: The exerciser does not have enough ability to carry out the required weight exercise.
Process: The exerciser fails to combine his own ability, blindly pursues or imitates the training weight of others, and his movements are unbalanced and stiff in practice, resulting in injury.
Protection: face up to your own strength training and strive to improve the coordination ability between the active muscle and the antagonistic muscle, the cooperative muscle and the supporting muscle.
Effect: When the muscles have enough strength or the coordination between muscles can produce enough strength, you can carry out weight-bearing exercises as required, with little damage.
2. Lack of understanding of flexibility
Reason: The exerciser does not have the range of joint motion required for action.
Process: The exerciser doesn't understand the anatomical characteristics of the movement (single joint or double joint movement), and the joint flexibility is poor, so the spine and limbs are in a vulnerable position when completing the movement, which is easy to cause injury.
Protection: strengthen flexibility exercises, with special emphasis on strength flexibility exercises; Increase the scope of joint activities.
Effect: When the flexibility is improved and you have the flexibility required for all-round strength movements, you can actively and effectively prevent injuries.
3. Don't pay attention to the correct posture
Reason: exercisers mistakenly think that it doesn't matter whether bodybuilding, fitness practice and posture are correct or not.
Process: Because of not paying attention to the correct posture, there is not enough stable muscle strength to complete the action during the practice, which leads to active or passive muscle group injury.
Protection: know the importance of correct posture in sports, understand and master the essentials of correct posture, and repeatedly experience the correct posture needed to stabilize muscle strength.
Effect: Correct posture can avoid injury and achieve good exercise effect. This is especially important when squatting and pulling hard.
4. Lack of understanding of small muscle strength
Reason: I mistakenly think that bodybuilding only needs large muscles, and fitness only needs superficial muscle groups.
Process: instrument practice often involves double joints, multiple planes, internal rotation and external rotation. Once the small muscles can't bear the weight of exercise, it will cause injury.
Protection: fully understand the importance of strength training of small muscle groups, learn sports anatomy knowledge and improve training quality; Strengthen warm-up or drafting and rotation exercises to improve muscle excitability.
Effect: The strengthening of small muscle strength can prevent shoulder, elbow and hip injuries.
Extended data:
Causes and preventive methods of sports injuries.
1. Muscle ligament strain:
Internal causes: insufficient training level, poor flexibility, strength and coordination, and poor physiological structure.
External causes: insufficient preparation activities, poor venue, temperature and humidity, poor class content and insufficient professional level of coaches.
Prevention: Choose coaches, venues and suitable courses, and exercise and prepare for activities fully and step by step under normal weather conditions.
Treatment: 24 hours ago was the acute phase. Methods: Stop exercising, cold compress, bandage and raise the injured part.
After 24 hours is the recovery period: with massage, micro-motion, rehabilitation or restorative exercise.
2. Joint sprain:
Internal causes: poor technical mastery, poor coordination, weak muscle strength around joints, poor physiological structure and poor physical strength due to fatigue.
External causes: insufficient warm-up activities, slippery venue, improper use of equipment and coaches, and poor content (quick action and many twists and jumps).
Prevention: Be fully prepared, understand the use of equipment, step by step, and the coach or himself will slow down.
Treatment: 24 hours ago was the acute phase. Methods: Stop exercising, cold compress, bandage and raise the injured part.
After 24 hours is the recovery period: with massage, micro-motion, rehabilitation or restorative exercise.
3. Exhausted:
Manifestations: people are cold, sweaty, pale or red, headache, dizziness, fatigue and fatigue.
Prevention: coaches or practitioners should pay attention to the control of exercise.
Solution: Leave the hot place and take off your coat and wet clothes. Give him some water slowly after waking up and pay attention to observation. The patient should not do more exercise that day.
4. Exercise fatigue:
Manifestations: palpitation, tachycardia, slow recovery of blood pressure and pulse after exercise, visceral discomfort, hematuria, etc. People are cold, sweaty, pale or red, headache, dizziness, fatigue and exhaustion.
Reasons: incorrect training methods, unsystematic training, large amount of exercise, long training time, insufficient rest, etc.
Prevention: arrange reasonable training time and plan, and pay attention to the combination of work and rest.
Treatment: adjust the exercise plan and amount, step by step, and carry out systematic training and comprehensive training.
5. Gravity impact:
Manifestations: dizziness, dark eyes, uncomfortable heart, pale face, cold hands and feet, and severe fainting.
Causes: insufficient blood supply to the lower limbs during exercise, insufficient venous return during sudden static exercise, and cerebral anemia caused by cerebral ischemia and hypoxia.
Prevention: Don't stop exercising immediately after intensive exercise.
Treatment: Let the patient lie flat, the foot pad is high, the head is lower than the foot, and massage from the calf to the thigh.