There are three translations of Central Business District (CCBD) in China, which refers to the area where the main business activities are carried out in a country or a big city. Its concept first appeared in the United States of 1923, and was defined as "business gathering place" at that time. Subsequently, the connotation of CBD has been continuously enriched, and it has become the economic development center of a city, a region and even a country. The central business district is the symbol and symbol of urban modernization, the functional core of the city, and the dense area of urban economy, science and technology and culture, which is generally located in the golden zone of the city. A large number of financial, commercial, cultural, service and a large number of business offices, hotels, apartments and other facilities have been concentrated. With the most perfect modern infrastructure and good traffic and communication environment, a large number of companies, financial institutions and enterprise consortia carry out various business activities here. For example, there is a commercial center in Sydney, and the commercial centers in Hong Kong are in Central and Tsim Sha Tsui. The United States and Canada call the central business district "urban business district", because in the past, residential areas were all on the mountain and shopping streets were all under the mountain. Japan and South Korea call CBD "capital" or "busy street".
Most business centers are located in the main core areas of countries or regions, and there are various perfect facilities in the region, such as Grade A commercial buildings, large shopping centers, government and public institutions, leisure and entertainment facilities, etc. In addition, the accessibility of this area is extremely high, and highways, railways and ports are all located in convenient locations in this area, which is convenient for citizens to travel from various districts. CBD generally covers an area of 3 to 5 square kilometers, and some are even larger. Its construction area ranges from five to six million square meters to tens of millions of square meters. It is the functional core of a city and an important symbol of a modern metropolis. Its land price can be described as "an inch of land and an inch of gold".
CBD, the central axis of Shenzhen CBD, highly concentrates the economic, scientific and cultural strength of the city, and has many functions such as finance, trade, service, exhibition and consultation. The specific function of CBD requires that the buildings in this area must be high-density and modern. Therefore, CBD has gathered many magnificent and patchwork super high-rise buildings, and has very convenient transportation, modern information exchange system and a large number of office, catering, service and accommodation facilities. Generally speaking, offices account for 50% of the total construction area, commercial, catering and commercial-residential buildings account for about 40%, and other service facilities and necessary supporting facilities account for about 10%.
The planning and construction of China Central Business District began in 1990s. China's urban economic development and urban construction have reached a new level and achieved rapid development. The construction of CBD has also been put on the agenda by many big cities with certain influence in their respective economic regions. By 2009, Shenzhen, Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Harbin, Qingdao, Shenyang and other central cities have clearly put forward their own CBD construction plans and accelerated their implementation.
In the construction of CBD, there are generally two ways in China. One is to transform and expand the original commercial blocks in the city, such as wanda plaza in Tangshan and Shenhe District in Shenyang. Another way is to choose new sites, such as Phoenix New Town in Tangshan and Caofeidian International Eco-city in Tangshan, Lujiazui in Shanghai and Jiangbei Town in Chongqing. These two methods have their own advantages. As for which one to choose, it is mainly decided according to the input-output ratio in the local construction process. Now Futian CBD in Shenzhen, Chaoyang District in Beijing and Lujiazui CBD in Shanghai are all very large.
CBD is the inevitable product of urban development under the condition of market economy. On the one hand, it is an indispensable symbol of an international metropolis. On the other hand, many cities can build CBD on a large scale, which also reflects that under the great guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the process of urban modernization and internationalization in China is gradually accelerating, the economic strength of the city has been qualitatively improved, and the urban construction and economic development are full of stamina.
Shenzhen Futian business center
[Edit this paragraph ]CBD features
It refers to a place with a large number of financial, commercial, trade, information and intermediary service institutions, a large number of business offices, hotels, apartments, exhibitions, cultural entertainment and other supporting facilities, perfect municipal transportation and communication conditions, and convenient for modern business activities. The business center has some remarkable features: (The right picture shows the planning of Shenzhen Futian CBD)
Geographical features
First of all, it is an international metropolis, and a small city can also be called a business center, but a real business center must be a recognized international city, such as new york, London, Paris, Tokyo and Hongkong. In fact, the central business district has become synonymous with a city in a sense, which represents the most essence and super-landscape area of the whole city. On the other hand, they have also developed secondary commercial centers or sub-metropolitan areas from metropolitan areas. For example, Tokyo's metropolitan area is in Ginza, Marunouchi, Japan Bridge and Shinjuku, and its sub-metropolitan area is in Ikebukuro, Shibuya, Akasaka and Taitai. The capital of Seoul is in Central District and Zhonglu District, and the deputy capitals are in Jiangnan District and Cao Rui District. If Hong Kong and Shenzhen are put in the same concept, then Hong Kong's central business district is in Central, Tsim Sha Tsui in Kowloon, Causeway Bay nearby and Mong Kok in Kowloon can also be regarded as deputy capitals; The CBD of Shenzhen is Futian, and Shenzhen Qianhai is planning the CBD of the Pearl River Delta, which is the "Manhattan" CBD of Guangzhou Zhujiang New Town in the Pearl River Delta.
Land price characteristics
Because it is a prime location, its property price should be the highest in this city or a region. (The picture on the right shows the CBD planning of Guangzhou Zhujiang New Town)
architectural feature
In the traditional sense, commercial centers are often lined with high-rise buildings, such as Manhattan in new york, Central in Hong Kong, Futian in Shenzhen, etc., which all reflect the characteristics of high-density construction, and the general building volume is tens of millions of square meters.
Industrial characteristics
This is the core feature. CBD is dominated by the tertiary industry, and it is not the traditional tertiary industry, but the most advanced and developed tertiary industry. Such as finance, insurance, securities, intermediary, accounting and so on.
Functional characteristics
The central business district has the function of economic control. In fact, although the government plays a macro-control role in the economy, under the condition of market economy, the economic control ability is often concentrated in some areas where the headquarters of multinational companies such as finance, trade and insurance gather. This area is relatively strong in economic domination, economic domination and economic control. Therefore, CBD is actually an economic hub institution under the market economy system.
Age characteristic
The central business district has been evolving since the 1920s, and its structure, function and construction have undergone great changes. Today, CBD has shown new features. Corporate headquarters, financial center and specialized production services constitute the three major functional institutions of today's commercial center. In addition, as a region, CBD should include business management (headquarters), finance, professional services, exhibitions, hotels and apartments, entertainment and high-end retail. It embodies the basic characteristics and connotation of modern CBD.
[Edit this paragraph] Develop the Central Business District
CBD is a concept put forward by American sociologist Burgess in 1923. Modern business center refers to a large number of financial, commercial, trade, information and intermediary service institutions, a large number of business offices, hotels, apartments and other supporting facilities, and perfect municipal transportation and communication conditions. A place convenient for modern business activities.
The construction of CBD abroad is relatively mature. New york's Manhattan CBD, Paris's La Defense District, Toronto, Japan's Shinjuku Vice Capital, Frankfurt, Australia's Sydney, London and Singapore all took shape in the second half of last century.
Domestic CBD has experienced the initial stage of construction and development, and now it has reached the stage of adjustment and improvement. After 1992, with the reform and opening up, the staging research of CBD has also made some progress. In practice, many big cities in China have put forward the concept of government-led CBD planning. In 2003, more than 40 cities, including some county-level cities, proposed to build their own CBD；; As of 2009, more than 70 cities across the country have proposed to build their own central business district. Owning CBD has become a new fashion of urbanization. However, with the rise of CBD fever, some problems worthy of attention have also emerged.
[Edit this paragraph] Features of the Central Business District
First, CBD has the highest centrality in the region, and all the goods and services provided by CBD are of the highest grade. CBD is the place where all kinds of essences are most concentrated, and the transactions and exchanges in CBD are the most upscale; Second, CBD has the highest accessibility and congestion. In other words, CBD has the most developed internal and external transportation links in cities and regions, giving managers the highest access opportunities per unit time. At the same time, the congestion degree of CBD (people, cars and buildings) is the highest in cities and regions.
Thirdly, CBD has the highest interpersonal and information exchange volume, with the largest population in 24 hours, but the comparative value is that there are also the most places where the population changes in 24 hours, that is, it is a bustling city during the day and a "ghost town" at night;
Fourth, CBD has the highest land price, in which the commercial land price usually exceeds the land price of economic services such as finance and insurance and management services such as headquarters of large companies and government ministries;
Fifth, CBD has the most concentrated and top-grade retail industry. Usually, in residential areas where retail industry is concentrated, in order to meet the high-density flow of people, traffic control is the most (pedestrian zone, one-way street, pedestrian and vehicle diversion, etc.). ) is set accordingly;
Sixth, CBD has the highest service intensity. The services provided by CBD cover economic, administrative, management, entertainment and cultural services.
[Edit the principles to be followed in CBD construction in this section.
The first is to build a CBD with an international concept. As the planning and construction, management services, business environment and economic influence of the central business district, the central business district should reflect the level of internationalization, promote the exchange between the regional economy and the world economy, and become a window for the regional economy to open to the outside world.
The second is the CBD with highly complex functions. This area can not only complete various commercial activities, but also carry out entertainment, shopping and fitness. It is a humanized community with a strong humanistic atmosphere, transforming from a simple commercial center to a comprehensive cultural and economic all-round center. The business district, mixed functional area and residential area in CBD are comprehensively arranged in each area, which can keep the balance of land use and narrow the day-night difference of population; On the other hand, it can also reduce traffic generation and reduce urban traffic pressure.
The third is the digital CBD. Strengthen information network planning and construction and operation management services, plan and implement digital CBD construction, attach importance to the layout of broadband networks and information centers, promote the integration of telecommunications networks, computer networks and satellite TV networks, vigorously develop e-commerce and e-government, and adapt to the office requirements in the network era.
Fourth, people-oriented CBD. The region pays attention to the shaping of humanity space, highlights the people-oriented theme, and has plenty of green space to make people closer to nature. We can learn from foreign experience and lessons, pay attention to the planning of public space, build green belts and walkways, and form a greening system to make people more compatible with nature.
Fifth, the ecological green CBD. The main feature of CBD in the world is that there are many tall buildings and less greening. Domestic CBD planning should give priority to ecology, planting in all seasons, evergreen in all seasons, and water and sunshine can be seen everywhere, so as to realize the good integration of modern commerce and natural ecology.
[Edit this paragraph] Elements of a successful Central Business District
1, fully supported by the government.
As the inevitable development of urban functions, the central business district is impossible without the strong support of the government. The development history of central business district at home and abroad has proved this point. The government's support is mainly in three aspects:
First, lead or dominate the planning of the central business district, and pure market forces cannot complete this task;
Second, a large number of infrastructure construction, the introduction of government projects, the need for a large number of government funds;
The third is to give special encouragement policies to the central business district.
Some foreign central business districts we usually discuss are influential internationally. They are often supported not only by local governments, but also by their own central government, and some of them are directly supported by the central government. For example, Singapore has adopted a series of national support policies. In our country, the central business district is supported by the government in different degrees because of its different status in the national economy. The development of the central business districts in Shanghai and Beijing is directly or indirectly supported by the central government, and some special policies are given. The central business districts built in other second-tier cities can only be dominated by local governments, and the development of central business districts in some places is even restricted by national macro policies, and its strength and influence can be imagined.
2. Strong local economic support.
Experts at home and abroad agree that the development of headquarters economy and modern service industry is the main reason for local governments to build central business district. The degree of economic development, industrial structure, concentration of production factors and marketization of a region directly determine the success or failure of the development of the central business district. The government can spend huge sums of money to build the central business district, but this is only a tangible shell, and it also needs an economic base and market scale equivalent to the positioning of the central business district, which is the core of the central business district and the key to its success. Due to improper positioning and no corresponding economic support, there are many cases of failure at home and abroad.
The development of world-famous central business districts tells us that only central business districts with strong local economic strength can develop well, such as new york, Paris, Hongkong and Tokyo, which are the most developed areas in the world. Without strong local economic support, it is impossible to build a central business district. Because the first element of building a central business district is sufficient funds, there are no successful cases of central business district in poor areas of the world.
3. Carefully distinguish between functions.
For the central business district, how to gather popularity and business spirit will directly determine its success or failure. According to the city's own economic capacity, comprehensive utilization of land and proper functional block division are another important factor for the success of the central business district. In the last century, in order to protect the living environment and improve the city image, some overseas metropolises divided cities into functional zones. However, recent research shows that too obvious functional distinction can easily lead to traffic congestion and reduce life efficiency. Therefore, comprehensive utilization of land resources and scientific division of functional areas of the central business district will help to improve business efficiency.
4. Efficient transportation network is the foundation.
The level of traffic directly restricts and affects the effective work of CBD in a highly concentrated state. Therefore, large-scale CBD development, especially the development and construction of CBD new area, often needs large-scale transportation system construction to guide. A successful central business district must deal with the design and planning of transportation network at the initial stage of its development. During the expansion of Manhattan, new york, in order to share the pressure of crowded downtown areas, planning agencies strengthened the construction of transportation networks, such as connecting the entrances and exits of subway and other railway traffic with newly-built office areas, and setting sidewalks and shops underground and directly connecting them with subway entrances and exits.
The development experience at home and abroad shows that the road system in the central business district should be dense and not too wide, and the connection of different road systems, such as the transfer between roads and subways, should be fully considered in the planning. The communication between public space and pedestrian system will help to gather the commercial atmosphere of the plot. On the basis of summing up the development experience of other regions, Hangzhou Qianjiang New Town has also paid full attention to the traffic in the Central Business District. Based on the concepts of classification and arrival traffic design, traffic organizations try to reduce the number of main road intersections and weaken transit traffic flow.
The CBD in Beijing starts from Dongdaqiao Road in the west and reaches Tonghui River in the south. It used to run from Dawang Road in the east to Chaoyang Road in the north, but now it has been expanded.