Broadly speaking, gems are the most beautiful, precious and rare stones. It includes precious stones and jade in a narrow sense. In a narrow sense, gems refer to single crystal minerals of natural elements (such as natural gold and diamonds) or compounds (such as crystals and rubies and sapphires). Jadeite refers to polycrystalline rock composed of a single mineral or multiple minerals.

Second, what are the requirements for gems?

As a qualified gem, at least the following three conditions must be met.

1, beautiful: this is the first condition, which requires bright and pure colors, transparency and luster, or special optical effects such as color change, color change, light display or cat's eye. 2. Durability: it is required to have the durability of maintaining splendor and luster, that is, it must be hard, wear-resistant and chemically stable. 3. Rare: it means that the output is scarce.

Third, how are the types of gems divided? Gem (generalized) artificial gem natural gemstone synthetic gemstone imitation gemstone inorganic gemstone.

Gem: a single mineral crystal that meets the technological requirements, such as diamonds and rubies.

Emerald: It is composed of single mineral or multi-mineral aggregates that meet the technological requirements, such as jadeite and nephrite.

Organic gemstones: their origin is closely related to animals and plants, such as coral and amber.

4. What is jade?

Jade is known as the king of jade, and it is the jade in jade. Its chemical composition is sodium aluminosilicate, and its mineral composition is pyroxene, mainly jadeite. Its structure is a dense and massive aggregate composed of countless fine fibrous microcrystals, which has a blanket structure. Very tough, able to withstand high impact and pressure, and its products are durable. The hardness of jadeite is Mohs 6.5-7, and the specific gravity is 3.3. It is glassy or pearl-shaped, often translucent, and a few are transparent (completely transparent, called "glass part"), and the fracture is serrated. In the gemstone industry in China, there is a saying that yellow is Fei and green is Cui. The origin of jadeite jade is mainly concentrated in the Meng Gong area of Myitkyina in northern Myanmar.

5. How to choose jadeite products?

Should look at its "species", "color" and "work".

Type: refers to texture, structure, transparency and water head. The texture should be solid, delicate and clean, and the background color should be coordinated, uniform, tough and not brittle, with strong luster and heavy treasure. Structure refers to the size, shape and arrangement of mineral grains of jade. The finer and more uniform the particles, the better, and the denser the structure. Transparency and water head, water head is jargon, refers to the transparency of jade. The higher the transparency, the more water heads the better.

Color: refers to the color of jade, which is multicolored, and color is one of the most important factors to determine its value. Generally speaking, emerald green is the most expensive, followed by violet, Hong Fei, emerald green, bean green, oil green, claw green, and gray white is the cheapest. Requirements for color: thick, deep and powerful; Yang: bright colors, pretty: beautiful and crystal clear, positive: bright and pure colors, no evil spirits, even no flower color.

Worker: It refers to the carving level of jade, including material selection, modeling and carving skills. It requires exquisite conception and fine workmanship. Good carving can make jade articles reach the realm of exquisite workmanship and sighing.

6. What are "old pit jade" and "new pit jade"?

Generally, jadeite gravel produced in Myanmar is mechanically weathered and transported to river valleys and river beds, which is called "old pit jade" or "raw material". This kind of jade is characterized by "good head", hard texture and high transparency. Its top grade is as transparent as glass, so it is called "glass flake" or "ice seed". It is green and lovely, so it is called "high green" or "brilliant green". However, the newly mined jadeite jade in the origin has no weathered skin, and its size and luster are worse than those of the old pit jade, which is called "new pit jade" or "mountain material".

7. What is "land"?

"Ground" is the background color of jade, or "bottom". Generally speaking, all parts of jadeite jade except emerald green are called land, and the quality of land has a very important relationship with the value of the whole jade. The better fields are: glass fields, lotus root starch fields, mid-range fields are bean fields, blue-and-white fields and purple flowers fields, and the worse fields are porcelain fields, dry white fields, rough bean fields and excrement fields.

Eight, what is the head?

In the jade industry, transparency is called "water head", good transparency is called "water head foot", and poor transparency is called "waterless head" (or "dry bar"). For a piece of jade, when its color is good (green) and the water head is enough, it is called "color seed" and has high value. On the contrary, those with good color and poor water head are called "colored seeds".

9. What is "stone flower"?

In jadeite, there is often a phenomenon that small lumps with poor transparency are intertwined with fibrous crystals, which is called "stone flower". Because of its different shapes and characteristics, it can be divided into the following categories: the more rigid one is called "stone brain"; Relatively scattered is called "Lu Hua"; What looks like cotton wool is called "cotton"; White or green mixed together is called "leek mixed with tofu". Generally speaking, the existence of stone flowers is not good for the transparency and perfection of jadeite, and it is easy to have a bad influence on green, which obviously reduces the value of jadeite.

X. What are commodities A, B and C? How to identify?

Goods A: refers to authentic natural jadeite in its original color without any false treatment. Among them, the high-grade products are green, the color is positive but not evil, the water head is good, there are no impurities and cracks, and they do not change color for a long time, which has good preservation and collection value.

B goods: It means that the poor quality natural jadeite is soaked in concentrated acid and bleaching solution to remove the black and yellow, and then filled with epoxy resin (also known as "glue injection", there are also glue-free "B goods" without glue injection), after which the water head becomes better, the color becomes beautiful, and the real jadeite changes color. It is also made by adding chrome-free green when the original jade is light green. The latter is called "B+C goods". Glued commodity B has a flaky or linear distribution of fillers on its surface, while glue-free commodity B can see micro-cracks under the microscope, which are particularly developed and have the characteristics of "channel network" structure and "crack" structure. With the naked eye, the green color of B goods is abnormal, and the green color is often distributed in a fine mist, even without shading. Although green is bright, its green is flashy and slightly blue. The green color of "B goods" is not in harmony with the land. After turning black to yellow, the land of "B goods" has been improved, which is characterized by strong water head and high transparency, but its original green color has been weakened in the process of turning black to yellow, so it appears weak. Because after special treatment, the sound of "B goods" after collision is not similar to the sonorous and crisp sound of metal, but rather dull.

C: refers to colorless jadeite which has been dyed by artificial heating. Also known as "colorful jade", it belongs to the category of "genuine jade and fake color". Its color is unnatural, often with blue or yellow components; Glossy, uneven color; Using a magnifying glass (5- 10 times), the color band deposited by chromium salt can be seen at the crack, that is, the green color in the crack is relatively strong and gradually fades to both sides of the crack.

XI。 What is hetian jade?

Hotan jade refers to the oldest nephrite produced in Hotan, Xinjiang. Its chemical composition is calcium magnesium silicate, and its mineral composition is a special aggregate composed of amphibole. The Mohs hardness is 6-6.5, the specific gravity is 2.9-3. 1, the fracture is uneven, the oil is shiny, translucent to opaque, and the colors are white, blue, yellow, black and red. A piece of material is generally uniform in color, stable in chemical composition and resistant to strong acid and alkali. It is generally used to make jade carvings and various small pendants and bracelets. It is also our country.

Twelve. What is Xiuyu?

Xiuyan County, Liaoning Province is the main producing area of xiuyan jade, and it is also produced in Xinyi, Guangdong and Huili, Sichuan. The chemical composition of xiuyan jade is hydrated magnesium silicate, and the mineral composition is a collection of serpentine minerals. It is composed of fine fibrous and foliated serpentine crystals, which is a very fine and dense block. Its colors are varied, and light green and yellow-green are not common. Its hardness is 2.5-4.5, its specific gravity is about 2.5, and it is oily or waxy. Translucent to opaque, a few are transparent, similar to plexiglass. Jade is a low-grade jade material because of its low hardness and output. Commonly used as ornaments, jade carvings and various small pendants, as well as tea sets, wine sets, fitness balls, jade pillows and other daily necessities.

Thirteen. What is dushan jade?

Dushan jade is named after Dushan, 8 kilometers northeast of Nanyang. Its mineral composition is plagioclase from zoisite, which belongs to polychromatic jade. Bright color, complete patterns, both depth and depth, delicate texture, dense and hard. Mohs hardness 6-6.5, specific gravity 2.9; Glass luster or grease luster, opaque or slightly transparent. Dushan jade is often used as jade carving for various ornaments in the market.

14. What is agate?

Agate refers to chalcedony with banded structure, which is a colloidal mineral, and its main component is silica. The hardness is 6.5-7, the specific gravity is 2.65, and the fracture surface is shell-shaped, transparent to translucent and glassy. Pure agate should be white, because it contains colored ions or other impurities, so it will appear gray, red and blue. Natural red agate can turn light red agate into bright red after "burning red" and heat treatment. High quality white agate can also be dyed in various colors. Agate is often made into bracelets in the market, and some small pendants and ornaments are also made. Agate is mainly produced in Brazil, and agate in China is mainly produced in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province.

15. What is "hibiscus stone"?

Hibiscus stone is a pink translucent to transparent seasonal block, also known as "rose seasonal". Its chemical composition is mainly silicon dioxide, in addition to pink, there are dark pink. The hardness is 7, the specific gravity is about 2.65, and the fracture is shell-shaped and oily. Mainly used as necklaces and bracelets, and sometimes used as small pendants or ornaments such as hearts and earrings. Hibiscus stone is mainly produced in Brazil, and China is mainly produced in Xinjiang and Yunnan.

Sixteen, what is a "tiger eye stone"?

Tiger eye stone is called "wood-turned stone" because of its similar appearance to wood. It is crocidolite and its mineral composition is sodium amphibole. After the change of geological hydrothermal solution, silica in the hydrothermal solution gradually replaced sodium amphibole to become silicified crocidolite, and its composition became timely, with hardness of 7 and specific gravity of 3. 1. Tiger eye stones can be divided into three categories according to their colors. Yellow and tan with cat's eye effect are called tiger's eye stone, blue with cat's eye effect, and spotted tiger's eye stone with brown and blue spots. Tiger eye stone is mainly used as necklace beads and bracelet beads in the market, mainly produced in Brazil and Australia.

17. What is Dongling Stone?

Dongling stone is called chromite quartzite in geology. Its hardness is 7 and its specific gravity is 2.65. It is fragile, translucent and has staggered fractures. According to its color, it can be divided into green Dongling stone, blue Dongling stone and red Dongling stone. Dongling stone is mainly produced in India, also known as Indian jade. Commonly used as necklace beads and bracelet beads, small pendant ornaments, but also as ornaments.

Eighteen, what is a gold star stone?

Jinxingshi, also known as placer gold or placer amphibole, is a kind of quartzite containing mica flakes or fine iron oxide minerals, which is named after shining like Venus. It is often used as bracelet beads, necklace beads, chicken hearts or stamp materials in the market.

Nineteen, what is a crystal?

Crystal is a kind of precious stone in a narrow sense, and it is a very old gem. Its chemical composition is silicon dioxide. This is a crystal as transparent as water in seasonal minerals (although it is crystalline and opaque, it can only be called seasonal crystal). If the impurities are purple, brown or black, they are called amethyst, tea crystal and ink crystal respectively; A special variety with needle-like or fibrous mineral inclusions inside is called "hair crystal". The crystal plane of water crystallization is glass luster, while its conchoidal fracture is oily luster; The hardness is 7, the specific gravity is 2.66, and it has compressive and optical properties. Crystal has a wide range of uses, mainly used as bracelets and necklace beads in jewelry, as well as some small pendants and ornaments. Crystal is mainly produced in Brazil and Uruguay, and China is mainly produced in Yangjiaoling in Hainan and Donghai in Jiangsu.

Rock crystals are clear and transparent, often containing gas-liquid inclusions, which are star-shaped, cloud-like or flocculent, and microcracks are often seen. The synthetic crystal has no cracks, but there are often small bubbles. In addition, you can feel that the proportion of synthetic crystal is greater than that of rock crystal. Compared with glass, crystal is white and bright, while glass white is slightly cyan and yellow, lacking brightness. The hardness of crystal is 7, and that of glass is 5.5. You can scrape the glass with a crystal. Rock crystals often contain uneven and imperfect phenomena such as cotton veins, while glass is often uniform without cotton veins and has tiny bubbles because of artificial baking. If you lick the crystal with your tongue, it will feel cool and the glass will feel warm.

Twenty, what is a pearl?

Pearl is the pearl liquid secreted by some shellfish in the ocean or fresh water due to the entry (or artificial release) of foreign objects into the body, which is wrapped layer by layer by friction stimulation to form a round pearl body. Its chemical composition is mainly calcium carbonate. Pearls can be divided into seawater pearls, freshwater pearls and cultured pearls according to different yields, and white pearls with white texture and black pearls with variegated colors according to colors.

2 1. What is a diamond?

Traditionally, people usually refer to diamonds that reach the gem level as diamonds. It is a crystal mineral crystallized from a single carbon element in a special environment, and it is also the only gem mineral composed of a single element. Gemstones and diamonds (namely diamonds) not only have high hardness (Mohs hardness is 10, which is100 times higher than the corresponding time), but also have extremely high wear resistance and chemical stability. Strong luster, not easy to wear after processing, can shine diamond luster for a long time; Moreover, it has a large refractive index (2.42) and strong dispersion (0.044, which is the strongest among natural colorless gems). When the diamond is polished into dozens of facets, the white light injected into the diamond is dispersed into monochromatic light in the process of refraction, showing a seven-color neon-like luster and a bright and crystal-clear optical effect. This strong dispersion phenomenon is the most precious feature of diamond, which is beyond the reach of any other gem. Therefore, it is known as the "King of Gems". Diamonds are mainly produced in South Africa, Australia, Zaire and Botswana, and are mainly used to make diamond rings, necklaces, earrings, corsage and other ornaments.

22. What are the four "C's" for evaluating diamonds?

Evaluating the value of a diamond often depends on four factors, namely, carat, cleanliness, color and polishing. The English words representing these four words are carat, clarity, color and cut. Because the first letter of four English words is "C", it is generally called "four C" in the international jewelry industry. These four "C's" are all important and indispensable in evaluating diamond ornaments.

1, carat: the weight of the diamond, 1 carat = 0.2g, 1 carat = 100 cent. One of the reasons why diamonds are precious is that they are rare, especially those with heavy weights. Generally, those above 1 carat are big diamonds. The relationship between diamond character and size grows according to the square relationship.

2. Cleanliness: purity or transparency. Diamonds with high purity should be completely colorless and transparent because they have no impurities and defects, and their value is very high.

3. Color: It has always been the basic and primary factor to determine whether a diamond has value. As a gem-grade diamond, it is limited to five kinds: colorless, nearly colorless, yellowish, yellowish and yellowish.

4. Cutting: The cutting and polishing level of a diamond mainly depends on factors such as whether the angle and proportion are correct, whether the style is fashionable, and whether the polishing is exquisite.

23. What is the simplest and most reliable way to identify a diamond?

There are many ways to identify genuine and fake diamonds. Among them, the most accurate and reliable method is to measure the thermal conductivity of various diamond substitutes or counterfeit products with a diamond tester (that is, a thermal conductivity meter), which solves the problem of distinguishing between true and false diamonds. The diamond tester is expensive, so it is the simplest and most reliable method to measure the hardness of all kinds of fake diamonds with "standard hardness tester".

24. What are sister gems-ruby and sapphire?

Ruby and sapphire are beautiful and transparent corundum, and the chemical composition is alumina. When pure, it should be colorless, containing a small amount of pigment ions, showing different colors. For example, chromium is ruby, while titanium and iron are sapphires. Red sapphire is transparent to translucent, glassy, and has obvious polychromatic color under dichroic mirror, with hardness of 9 and specific gravity of 4; Shell fracture, no cleavage; Under ultraviolet light, ruby has obvious red fluorescence; Sapphire does not fluoresce except for a few varieties produced in Sri Lanka and Kashmir. The main countries producing rubies in the world are Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and the main countries producing sapphires are Australia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and China. Ruby and sapphire are often used as high-grade ornaments such as ring face, female corsage, ear nail and tie clip.

25. What is "Emerald"?

Emerald refers to emerald beryl containing chromium, and its chemical composition is beryllium aluminum silicate. Its crystal is hexagonal columnar and belongs to hexagonal crystal system. It is green or dark green, with specific gravity of 2.6-2.8 and hardness of 7.5-8. It is brittle and easily broken. Transparent, glass luster. Beautiful color, transparency and high hardness are the most valuable characteristics of emeralds. Its main producing areas are Colombia and the former Soviet Union. Emeralds are often used as ornaments such as ring faces, earrings and corsage.

Twenty-six, what is "opal"?

The so-called "opal" in gemmology refers to emerald with cat's eye effect, while any other gem mineral with cat's eye effect can't be called "opal" directly, but must be given a mineral name, such as "emerald cat's eye" or "quartz cat's eye".

The chemical composition of gold emeralds is beryllium aluminate, and the crystals are columnar or tabular, and there may be several varieties such as brown, green and yellow. Glass luster, hardness 8.5, specific gravity 4.73; Shell fracture, white stripes. When there are dense directional fibrous, needle-like mineral inclusions or tubular holes, bright bands similar to cat's eye pupils will be produced due to the reflection of light, which is the cat's eye effect. When the gem rotates, this bright band will move on the surface of the gem, so it is also called "swimming color", which is the most important characteristic of opal. Opals are often used as warning surfaces, and the best opals are produced in Sri Lanka in the east.

Twenty-seven, what is jewelry?

Jewelry is an ancient wrapping handicraft. The word "jewelry" in a narrow sense was originally an ornament on the finger and a manifestation of a person's status. But with the development of history, the meaning of jewelry has changed a lot. Today, we refer to "jewelry" in a broad sense, which can not only refer to jewelry worn in many parts of the human body, but also include handicrafts for display and viewing purposes-called "jewelry jewelry".

Jewelry is divided into precious metal jewelry, imitation gold jewelry and jewelry according to materials; According to the use, it is divided into: jewelry, pendant jewelry, fashion jewelry and wedding jewelry; According to users, there are: men's (men's) jewelry and women's (women's) jewelry.

Wearing jewelry can play the following roles: 1, which has beautification and decoration functions; 2, symbolic, such as diamond jewelry symbolizes firmness and purity; 3. Commemorative, such as various birthstone jewelry, engagement wedding rings; 4. It has the function of expressing individuality; 5, with practical value: such as tie clips, cufflinks, etc. ; 6, with special functions: such as health care rings, magnetic therapy necklaces, bracelets, sealing rings, etc.

If I can help you, please adopt it. Thank you.