In the rich and beautiful land of Northeast China, there are mountains and waters, the plains are widely distributed, and the landform types are regularly distributed. The central area of Northeast China is the Northeast Plain, which is a great plain composed of Sanjiang Plain, Songnen Plain and Liaohe Plain. The land here is dark and fertile, and it is an important commodity grain production base in China. The periphery of the plain is surrounded by semi-circular low mountains and hills that open to the south. The area of mountains and hills is roughly the same, and the elevation is mostly below 1000 meters. For example, Daxing 'anling in the west, Xiaoxing 'anling in the north and Changbai Mountain in the east are slightly curved frames, which are important forestry production bases in China. The northern, eastern and southern edges of this area are surrounded by a series of rivers, lakes and oceans. There are mainly Heilongjiang and its tributaries Wusuli River and Xingkai Lake, as well as Tumen River, Yalu River and Yellow Sea, Yellow Sea, Bohai Sea and Liaohe River flowing into the Sea of Japan. On the background of regular circular landform, the most distinctive tourist landform is volcanic lava landform.
Northeast China is located at the edge of the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt, and its volcanic formation is related to plate movement. Due to the subduction and compression of the Pacific plate on Eurasia, the mountains in this area are mostly northeast-southwest trending, and a series of deep faults in the northeast-southwest direction have occurred in the crust, which has opened the way for magma eruption in the earth. Therefore, the volcanic arrangement in this area is mostly northeast-southwest.
There are more than 230 volcanoes in this area, which constitute about 30 volcanic groups, accounting for 30% of the national total. Some of these volcanoes are hilly near the foothills of Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling Mountains, while others stand upright on the mountains, mainly distributed in Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, which are the regions with the richest types, the largest number and the widest distribution of volcanic lava landforms in China.
The lava landscape in this area includes concentrated volcanic groups, such as 100 volcanoes in Changbai Mountain, in which the Longgang volcanic group in Huinan and Jingyu County is the largest volcanic group in Northeast China, with more than 100 volcanic cones, as well as Tianchi Waterfall, lakes and underground forests formed by volcanism, such as Tianchi Waterfall in Changbai Mountain, Crater Lake in Aershan, Wudalianchi Lake and Jingbo Lake.
2. The winter is long and cold, the summer is short and humid, and the ice and snow tourism resources are unique.
This area occupies the northernmost and easternmost part of China, and is located on the east coast of the mid-latitude continent. It is the highest latitude area in China. Its climate type belongs to temperate monsoon climate, characterized by long cold winters and short warm and humid summers. Because this area is close to the source of winter cold air in northern Asia (Mongolian high pressure), the mountain height is not enough to stop the invasion of cold air, and the monthly average temperature is between-12 and-30℃, which is the lowest land temperature in the same latitude in the world. Mohe, known as the "cold pole of China", once recorded the lowest temperature of -52℃ in China. Winter is long and cold, which is the main feature of the northeast climate. Winter lasts more than half a year, and the snow period is long, and the snow can be as thick as 50cm. The temperature in the whole area is not high in summer. The average temperature in July in northern Daxing 'anling is lower than 18℃, and there is basically no summer. It is 24℃ in the south of the plain and only 22.5℃ in Harbin in the north of the plain. The summer monsoon comes in July and August, forming the same rainy and hot period. The annual precipitation in most parts of Northeast China is about 600 mm. Although the precipitation is not very rich, the humidity is still very high due to the low temperature and weak evaporation, which is much wetter than the neighboring middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, belonging to humid and semi-humid areas. The typical temperate monsoon climate is a favorable condition for the development of climate tourism in this area.
There are both mountains and rivers in Northeast China, and the heights of mountains in mountainous areas are generally not high, and their shapes are relatively round, especially in hilly areas where mountains transition to plains, with gentle and changeable slopes, high-quality snow and long snow period. The thickness of snow is generally 20 cm in the plain and 40 ~ 50 cm in the mountainous area. The average annual snowfall in Harbin is 32.9 days, and the snow-covered period is 122.5 days. The combination of suitable terrain conditions and snow conditions makes this area the most qualified area to carry out all kinds of skiing in low altitude areas of China. In 2003, there were more than 60 ski resorts in Heilongjiang Province alone. With the arrival of skiing tourism fever, the quiet Linhai Snow Field will become a paradise for tourists to enjoy, play and ski. In addition, friends who like winter hunting can also show their talents here.
Rivers and lakes in this area are generally frozen and cut off in winter. Heilongjiang has the longest freezing period, up to 6 months, and the ice thickness is about1.5m. Songhua River near Harbin is frozen for 5 months, and the ice thickness is nearly1m. Natural places for various ice activities on frozen rivers and lakes, including skating, ice hockey, ice sails, sledding, ice gyro, dog sledding and outdoor winter swimming. In addition, the ice layer is thick and as solid as stone, and some large vehicles, such as trucks, can travel and transport.
In addition to the above-mentioned ice and snow tourism resources for tourists to participate in activities, ice and snow artworks and rime are unique attractions in this area. Ice and snow art mainly includes ice lantern, ice sculpture and snow sculpture. In the ice and snow, there is a wonderful flower called Rime in Jilin, one of the four natural wonders of China. The rime weather phenomenon occurs from time to time in all parts of Northeast China. Only Jilin rime attracts a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists because of its high frequency and great ornamental value.
3. There are many summer resorts and vast eco-tourism in summer.
Low temperature in summer, long days and warm days, short nights and cool nights are the basic conditions for summer in this area. There are many summer resorts in this area, and the main representativeness and regional characteristics are: Mohe "Arctic" special tour, temperate coastal scenery tour and forest wetland ecological tour.
Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province is the administrative region where the northern part of Japan is located. Mohe is the county with the highest latitude in China, and its special geographical location determines the uniqueness of tourism resources. Because there is no real night around the summer solstice, and the Northern Lights often appear, it has become a unique summer resort in China.
The south of this area is close to the ocean, and the seaside climate is cool and pleasant in summer. It is a summer resort, sightseeing and holiday resort, among which Dalian is the most famous, in addition to Xingcheng Seaside Scenic Area and Zhuanghe Bingyugou Scenic Area.
The cold and humid climate in this area is strengthened to varying degrees by the open surface structure of mountains and rivers. Bright coniferous forest in cold temperate zone and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest in temperate zone are formed in mountainous areas. In the inner side of the mountain and the central plain of Northeast China, the humidity decreases, forming temperate forest grassland and meadow grassland landscape. Because the climate is cold and humid and suitable for forestry production, forests have become the main natural landscape in this area. Among them, the forest tourism resources with strong ornamental value are: bright coniferous forest in Daxing 'anling, tall and straight Korean pine in Xiaoxing 'anling, fir, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Changbai Mountain, and secondary birch forest with unique northland sentiment. In the vast forest, there are many wildlife resources, including Siberian tiger, sable, bear, sika deer, lynx, fox and so on. Ginseng, mink and pilose antler are called "three treasures in Northeast China".
In addition, the widely distributed wetland landscape is also an important landscape feature in this area. Wetland is a unique landscape and an important part and symbol of wet and cold environment. About 70% of wetlands in China are distributed in this area, among which Heilongjiang Province is the most widely distributed and rich in types. Swamp wetlands provide a good living and breeding environment for birds, and some wetlands are also inhabited by precious and beautiful birds such as red-crowned cranes and wild swans, creating excellent conditions for bird tourism.
In a word, the area is densely forested and rich in eco-tourism resources, which need further rational development and utilization.
At present, there are more than ten famous nature reserves in Northeast China, such as Changbai Mountain, Zhalong, Snake Island and Sanjiang Wetland. Today, with the promotion of eco-tourism, these places will surely become the holiday resorts that people yearn for.
5. 1.2 Characteristics of tourism, humanities and geographical environment
The indigenous people in the history of this area are ethnic minorities who have been hunting for a long time, and Manchu is also a nomadic hunting tribe. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Manchu established the Qing Dynasty here, and then moved to Beijing. In the development and evolution of national culture, until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the indigenous cultures of ethnic minorities always dominated the region, including Manchu farming culture, Mongolian nomadic culture, Oroqen hunting culture, Daur hunting culture and Hezhe fishing and hunting culture. With the entry of indigenous culture into the Central Plains, the population of the Central Plains flooded into the Northeast, and the Central Plains culture was integrated into the local ethnic culture in the Northeast, forming a traditional Kanto agricultural culture with northeast characteristics and becoming the main body of local culture. Since modern times, due to the invasion of Russia and Japan and the influx of immigrants from Europe and America, Kanto culture has left traces of colonialism, which is manifested in urban construction, religion, economy and life. In a word, due to the special history of regional development, this region has typical diversified characteristics in ethnic composition, production mode and cultural landscape, thus forming a unique humanistic tourism resource.
1. Colorful folk customs
Under the multicultural background, the combination of farming and fishing and hunting culture can inherit the folk customs related to the characteristics of oriental culture. The folk custom that best represents the farming culture in Kanto is the "Errenzhuan" with strong local flavor. "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China is a self-entertainment folk song and dance art form evolved from the rural folk song and dance "Yangko" in Northeast China, which has a history of more than 200 years. Because this folk art is deeply rooted in the black land, it can best show the generous character and temperament characteristics of Kanto farmers. Its flexible, lively and funny performances often appear in the fiery scenes of the integration of the stage and the stage, which are deeply loved by the masses, especially local farmers. The unique ethnic customs of safari and fishing and hunting can make people more curious and competitive. The Oroqen and Ewenki, who have lived in the big forest for a long time, eat animal meat, wear animal skins and ride sleigh pulled by reindeer. Their house is a conical shelf made of tree stems, covered with bark in winter and birch bark in summer. Their life is full of Shan Ye flavor in the wild times. Their ability to judge the whereabouts of wild animals and their hunting skills are amazing. Hezhe people, who have lived by the river for generations, make a living by fishing and hunting. They are the only people in northern China who depend on fishing and hunting for a living. They eat "killing fish", wear fur coats and ride birch kayaks. Men, women and children are all experts in fishing, and the technical world of harpoon is rare. Hunting wild animals in winter, or digging ice holes in rivers and fishing with clock nets are all quite interesting methods.
Ice and snow art activities and ice and snow entertainment activities are traditional and fashionable Kanto customs with unique northland characteristics. Cold and long winter, thousands of miles of ice, Wan Li snow, a school of snow-covered, particularly enchanting northern winter scenery, attracting countless southern friends who have never experienced ice and snow. White snow and ice are the quilts of the earth and the carpets of tourists. People here can't help playing. People in the Northeast who love life have not turned a blind eye to the rich gifts given by nature. They actively participate in the embrace of nature, carry out various sports, fitness and amusement activities with the help of ice and snow, and create a wonderful world like a crystal palace with their hardworking hands. Harbin has been making ice lanterns and sculptures since the Qing Dynasty. At the second ice lantern garden party held in 1964, ice sculptures were created and exhibited, and now a spectacular large-scale ice sculpture art group is exhibited regularly every year. The art of ice and snow is constantly enriched and developed. After the ice sculpture, snow sculpture became another masterpiece that Harbin people endowed with ice and snow art life. From 1983, during the ice lantern garden activities, Harbin established the Ice and Snow Festival. After 20 years of operation, especially in recent years, it has been called the four major ice and snow festivals in the world together with the Japanese Ice and Snow Festival, the Canadian Winter Festival and the Norwegian Ski Festival.
2. Architectural art under the influence of multiculturalism
The development history of ethnic minorities in Northeast China and the influence of Central Plains culture on this area have been well reflected in local characteristic buildings. Among them, the architectural cultural sites before Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly reflect nomadic style, but they can also be found in the connection with the Central Plains culture, such as Koguryo ancient buildings, ancient tombs and murals during the Han and Wei Dynasties in Ji 'an City, Jilin Province, Longquan House site in Shangjing, Ning 'an City, Heilongjiang Province, Babao Liulijing and Nanda Temple site, as well as many existing modern pagodas in Liaoning Province and Huining House site in Shangjing, the capital of Jin Dynasty in Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province.
From the Ming Dynasty, farmers from Hebei and Shandong began to "enter the Kanto". With the large-scale migration of the population in the Central Plains, the Central Plains culture and the local culture are further integrated. Shenyang Imperial Palace, built by Manchu people, was the Qing Palace before entering the customs. It has a unique Manchu life color and artistic style, and is a classic that combines Manchu and Han architectural styles.
In modern history, due to the colonial rule of Russia and Japan based on cities, the urban architectural style in this area is completely different from that in Guanzhong, leaving a large number of European, Japanese or multicultural buildings, the most typical of which is Harbin. 1896, Russia occupied Harbin to build the Middle East Railway. At that time, Russia was only in a second-rate position in culture, and it has always worshipped more advanced French culture in history. It can be said that Russia regards "Oriental Moscow" as the image target of the city and "Oriental Paris" as the artistic model of architecture. The unique architectural style formed in this period is one of the main reasons why Harbin is called "Oriental Moscow" and "Oriental Little Paris". There are more than 500 representative buildings preserved in this city today, most of which are European-style buildings, among which there are many excellent works such as Russian St. Sofia Church, Byzantine Orthodox Church and typical Gothic Christian Church. Numerous European-style buildings constitute the style keynote of "Oriental Moscow" in Harbin, and the appearance of Japanese-style modern buildings injects a touch of modernity into Harbin's modern architectural style, adding multiple colors to the harmonious and unified architectural style. It can be seen that Harbin's urban architectural styles are diverse and unique, and western style, oriental style, Chinese classical style and modern architecture are intertwined, which is a rare tourism resource in this area.
3. Fast and convenient transportation network
This area has a gentle terrain, which is convenient for railway construction. Especially after the founding of New China, a large amount of materials in Northeast China need to be transported to various places to support construction. Therefore, there is the most developed railway transportation network in Northeast China, with more than 70 railways with a total length of1.4000 km, forming a railway transportation system with Binzhou, Sui Bin and Harbin as the main lines and Shenyang, Siping, Changchun and Harbin as the hubs. Now, due to the overall speed increase of the railway, most central cities can connect in the morning and evening, which brings great convenience to sightseeing. In particular, both ends of Manzhouli and Suifenhe River are also connected with Russian railways. Shenyang Line and Dandong Line are international routes between China and North Korea, which provide good conditions for opening up international tourist routes to Russia and North Korea in this region. In addition, in recent years, in order to meet the traffic demand in this area, many high-grade highways have been built, which not only make up for the shortage of railway network, but also provide more choices for people to design tourist routes. At present, there are three international airports in Dalian, Shenyang and Harbin, and four special airports in Changchun, Jiamusi, Qiqihar and Mudanjiang. In terms of water transport, there are mainly inland river shipping of Heilongjiang and Songhua River. There is a famous Dalian port by sea, and its throughput ranks second in the country.
It can be said that this area has formed the most developed transportation network in China, which has laid a good foundation for the development of tourism.
5.2 Major tourist destinations
5.2. 1 Main tourist destinations in Heilongjiang Province
Heilongjiang Province, located in the northeast of China, is named after the border river Heilongjiang. Its territory is rich in products, surrounded by mountains and waters, and its plains are open. The vast Xing 'an Mountains, fertile Sanjiang Plain, endless snow-capped mountains and forests, endless wetlands and grasslands, and cool weather conditions in winter and summer determine the advantages of Heilongjiang Province in ice and snow tourism resources, forest tourism resources and summer tourism resources. Heilongjiang province has more than 3000 kilometers of Sino-Russian border, and its unique Russian border tourism resources have attracted more and more attention. In addition, there are 49 ethnic groups living in Heilongjiang Province, including Han, Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Daur, Oroqen and Hezhe. The colorful local ethnic customs have created better conditions for folk tourism.
1. Harbin
Harbin is located on the beautiful Songhua River. As the capital of Heilongjiang Province, it is famous for its beautiful urban scenery and unique ice and snow tourism activities, and is known as a pearl under the neck of a swan. She is the political, economic and cultural center and transportation hub of Heilongjiang Province. The main attractions are Sun Island, Stalin Park, Zhao Lin Park, Museum, Gokurakuji, St. Sofia Church, etc.
Harbin is characterized by summer tourism and ice and snow tourism. In midsummer, Stalin Park on the Songhua River and Sun Island in the north of the Yangtze River are shaded by trees, breezy, with pavilions and terraces facing each other and green grass. It is a rare summer resort. Harbin Ice and Snow Festival, which started at 1985, has developed from a single ice and snow activity into a comprehensive activity integrating culture, sports, commerce, tourism and science and technology. There are crystal clear ice lanterns, spectacular ice sculptures, white snow sculpture for tourists to watch, as well as novel and exciting skiing, skating, snow splashing and skating. Colorful scenes make people linger.
Exotic European-style buildings such as Orthodox Church, St. Sofia Church and Catholic Church and the central street with strong European characteristics in Harbin have won the reputation of "Little Paris in the East" and attracted a large number of tourists.
2. Wudalianchi
Wudalianchi, located in wudalianchi city, Heilongjiang Province, is a nature reserve of volcanic landforms and ecosystems in China.
The scenic spot is composed of Wudalianchi Volcano Group, Wudalianchi (Lake), mineral spring and lava, and has the characteristics of "three wonders" of pool, stone and spring and "three wonders" of lake, ice cave and stone sea. It is not only a picturesque tourist attraction, but also a scientific research base for studying volcanic landforms.
Wudalianchi Volcano Group consists of 14 volcanic cones with different shapes. Among them, Lao Montenegro and Yamakaji were formed during the volcanic eruption period from 17 19 to 1720. Because of its short formation time and complete volcanic landform, its rock fluids such as waves, dragons and waterfalls and caves containing a large number of lava stalactites with different forms have high ornamental value.
Wudalianchi (Lake) is a five-wave lava barrier lake formed by volcanic eruption blocking the river course. Together with the quiet and distant 14 volcano, it forms a landscape picture of lakes and mountains.
Due to volcanic activity, the groundwater in Wudalianchi is rich in many minerals and carbon dioxide that are beneficial to the body. Because of its peculiar physical therapy function, it is known as "medicine spring" and "holy water".
3. Yabuli ski resort
Located in shangzhi city, Heilongjiang Province, with a total area of 220 square kilometers. There are many mountains and vast snow areas here, with an average snow thickness of about 40cm. The snow period can last for half a year, with good snow quality and moderate hardness, making it an ideal ski resort. Since the skiing competition of the 3rd East Asian Games was held here in February 1996, it has become the first large-scale tourist ski resort in China designed according to international standards and providing comprehensive services for domestic tourists. The ski resort has complete facilities, including 15 elementary, intermediate and advanced trails, with a total length of 30km, 1 snowmobile and hovercraft tracks, with a length of 5000m, 1 world super dry land sleigh track, with a length of 2680m.
4. Jingbo Lake
Located in Ning 'an City, Heilongjiang Province. It is a lava barrier lake formed by volcanic eruption 8000 years ago. Surrounded by mountains, the lake is long and narrow. It covers an area of over 90 square kilometers. Along the shore of the lake, the mountains are stacked, the trees are shaded and the scenery is pleasant. Diaoshuilou Waterfall, Dagushan, Xiaogushan, City Wall Lazi, Laoheshan, Baishi Lazi Cliff, Pearl Gate Shuangfeng, Daoshi Mountain and Kowloon Water Exploration in the scenic area are called the eight scenic spots in the lake. Among them, Diaoshuilou Waterfall has the best scenery. The waterfall is more than 40 meters wide and has a drop of more than 20 meters. In the summer with abundant water, the waves roll, water droplets splash, and the sound of water roar with great momentum.
In the mountainous area of Zhangguangcailing, about 45 kilometers west of Jingbo Lake, there is a crater national forest park with more than ten craters, the largest of which is about 500 meters in diameter and 200 meters in depth. There are ancient trees over 400 to 500 years old, forming a rare "underground forest" landscape.
5. Zhalong Nature Reserve
Zhalong Nature Reserve is located in the west of Heilongjiang Province, about 27 kilometers away from Qiqihar City, with a total area of about 420 square kilometers. There are many swamps and wetlands in this area, and all kinds of fish play under the water, which is an ideal habitat for waterfowl. There are 260 species of birds living here, among which 35 species are under state protection. The most famous one is the red-crowned crane, which has the most ornamental value because of its beautiful posture, loud singing and large number. Therefore, Zhalong Nature Reserve is also called "the hometown of red-crowned cranes".
6.Mohe
Mohe is the northernmost border town in China. Winter lasts for 8 months, and the lowest temperature is -52.3℃, which is called "China Cold Pole". Due to the high latitude, Mohe has long days in summer, especially the white night phenomenon around the summer solstice, which is a real "city that never sleeps". Visitors who come here for sightseeing can enjoy the white night, and they can see the spectacular scenes of Sunglow and Zhao Hui in the northern sky. When you are lucky, you can also see the magical Northern Lights. Therefore, white night, aurora, cool in summer and severe cold in winter are the tourist characteristics here.