There are many trace elements commonly used in animal breeding at home and abroad, such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, iodine, diamond, potassium, sodium and aluminum. Although the dosage is small, the quality problems of livestock products and environmental pollution caused by it are becoming more and more serious, which has attracted more and more attention. Although the traditional inorganic salt products have been used for a long time, quality and safety accidents caused by production and use also occur from time to time.
Main toxic and harmful substances in trace elements
It is generally believed that the toxic and harmful substances in trace elements mainly include lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), fluorine (F), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb) and dioxin. Lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are listed in the current feed hygiene standards.
lead to
Lead is one of the heavy metal elements that are toxic to animals and can accumulate in animals. Its toxic effects are mainly manifested in the damage to nervous system, hematopoietic organs, kidneys and immune system, which reduces the immune function of the body; Lead can also cause deformation, mutation and cancer in animals. Generally speaking, the lead content in plant feed is low, ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 mg/kg, which will not exceed the allowable amount stipulated by the national feed hygiene standard. However, the lead content of plant feed varies greatly, which is related to the lead content in soil and industrial pollution. Feed plants growing on lead-rich soil have higher lead content. Industrial pollution is an important reason for the increase of lead content in plant feed. For example, the lead content of normal feed is 3.0-7.0mg/kg, while the lead content of feed near smelter can be as high as 325mg/kg. The lead content of mineral feed such as stone powder and phosphate varies greatly from place to place, and the high lead content of mineral feed in some areas is due to lead impurities. Lead is mainly deposited in bones in animals, so the lead content of fish meal with bone meal, meat bone meal and fish bone is higher. According to the national feed quality supervision and inspection center (Wuhan), the lead content in bone meal is as high as 18.54mg/kg. Fish meal produced by seawater with serious industrial pollution is also high in lead content.
Investigation on the knowledge of lead poisoning among children and adolescents whose lead content reaches the standard.
Chapter I Harm of Lead Poisoning in Children
I. Definition of lead poisoning in children (lead poisoning in children):
1994, at the global conference on prevention and treatment of lead poisoning in children, it was unanimously passed that: blood lead ≥ 100? As a level of social intervention, g/L can be diagnosed as lead poisoning in children regardless of clinical symptoms.
The latest research shows that: 50? Above g/L, it is toxic to embryonic development, easy to cause abortion and has a negative impact on children's neurological development. Therefore, it is internationally recognized that the safe value of blood lead is best to be "zero"
Chapter II Current Situation of Prevention and Treatment of Lead Poisoning in Children
I. Prevention and Control in Foreign Countries
? From the beginning of the last century to the 1970s, many authoritative studies showed that lead poisoning in children caused irreversible lifelong damage to children's nervous system, circulatory system, hematopoiesis, digestion, endocrine and other multiple systems and organs. Because of the serious harm of lead poisoning in children, more and more countries pay attention to it.
? Since the 1980s, the national legislation, environmental protection, health, education, scientific research and other departments in the United States have worked together to invest 50 billion dollars every year to comprehensively prevent and control lead poisoning in children. In 10, children's lead poisoning decreased from more than 88% to less than 10%, which became an example for the prevention and treatment of children's lead poisoning all over the world.
? 1In June 1997, in Denver, the leaders of Britain, Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Germany, the United States and Russia signed a declaration in support of protecting children all over the world from environmental hazards. Reducing lead poisoning in children has become one of the five important contents.
Second, the domestic prevention and control situation
? Since 1970s, with the rapid development of industrial and agricultural production and transportation, environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, and there are many research topics.
? 1On February 3rd, 1999, the General Office of the State Council issued Order 15, which listed the blood lead test of children as a routine test item in medical and health institutions at all levels in China.
? The Fifth Session of the Ninth China People's Political Consultative Conference (Proposal No.242) called for a national plan to prevent and control lead pollution.
? Authoritative news media such as CCTV have repeatedly reported programs about lead poisoning in children.
? At the beginning of 2004, the Ministry of Health launched the national children's blood lead monitoring project.
Third, the province's prevention and control situation
? During the period of 1999, the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention completed the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological research project, and studied the blood lead content of children in 9 provinces 1 1 cities in China. The average blood lead concentration of children in Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Xinxiang in our province is 135.8? G/L ranks first among the nine provinces in China.
? At the beginning of 2004, Henan Provincial Health and Epidemic Prevention Station issued (2004) No.7, 19, No.27 and No.47 successively, which officially started the monitoring and prevention of lead poisoning among children and adolescents in the whole province, and determined our city as a pilot city to observe the prevention and control effect.
? On April 29th, a meeting of 17 provincial health and epidemic prevention station was held in Zhengzhou, specially to arrange and deploy the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning among children in Zhengzhou. I stood at the meeting and introduced my experience.
Four, the city's prevention and control situation
? At the beginning of 2004, according to the instructions of the superior, our station began to prepare for the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning in children. On March 13, I stood in the provincial epidemic prevention station and passed the blood lead test, and was awarded the certificate of "qualified unit for blood lead test", and the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning among children in our city was officially launched.
? After sampling inspection and investigation, we found that:
As of June, 2 1 918 students from 21school have been tested. The prevalence rate of lead poisoning among students in junior high schools, primary schools and kindergartens in the central city of our city is 49.08%, and that in industrial areas is 69.54%. The task of prevention and control is very arduous.
Fifth, the whole society lacks knowledge about the harm and prevention of lead poisoning in children, and most students and parents do not know enough about the harm and the importance of prevention and treatment of lead poisoning in children.
Second, the main sources of lead in the environment
Humans have known and used lead for more than 6,000 years. Lead is widely used in industrial and agricultural production and life, and exists in:
? Air, industrial and traffic pollution
? Soil and dust, all kinds of polluted sediments, indoor dust
? Water, water source pollution and pipeline pollution
? Pollution in food, cultivation and processing
? Lead-containing paint, lead is a new additive of traditional paint.
? Interior decoration materials, especially the bright colors of children's rooms.
? Toys, stationery, school supplies, dark tables and chairs, pencils, covering correction fluid, etc.
Chapter IV Prevention and Treatment of Lead Poisoning in Children
I. General principles
? Primary prevention.
Treat the symptoms rather than the root cause, manage the environment, improve the legal system, strengthen scientific detection, strictly enforce the law, and reduce the lead content in the environment and daily necessities. This work is a long-term task.
? Secondary prevention.
V vigorously carry out health education, improve the life, eating habits and living environment of children and adolescents, and avoid excessive exposure of children and adolescents to lead.
V. Screening intervention. Professional institutions will screen key groups such as children, teenagers and pregnant women, and timely intervene and treat individuals with high blood lead.
Early prevention, early detection and early intervention
Second, individual prevention.
Always clean children's toys and other items that may be put into children's mouths.
Don't let children touch too many colorful toys and crayons.
8 Don't let children use masking correction fluid.
Don't take children for a walk on the road with heavy traffic and near the lead factory.
10 Don't let the children live in the house that has just been decorated with lead paint. The children's room should be ventilated.
Second, individual prevention.
1 1 Don't smoke in front of children to avoid passive smoking.
12 families using coal as fuel should try to open windows for ventilation.
13 The personnel directly engaged in lead work must take a shower and change clothes before going home from work.
14 go to a professional institution to monitor blood lead once a year. Blood lead content 50? Above g∕L, special attention should be paid to prevention; Blood lead content 100? For the above g∕L, interventional therapy should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor.
3. Detection of lead content in children
(1) test sample
? Blood, venous blood and peripheral blood are convenient and accurate, reflecting the recent lead exposure level of children (1 ~ 3 months), and are the first choice.
? It is convenient to urinate, but it cannot accurately reflect the recent lead content in the body and is easy to be polluted.
? Lead in dental bone is not easy to obtain, which reflects the level of long-term accumulation.
(2) Blood lead detection method
? Atomic absorption spectrometry AASHE and GFAAS are accurate, inconvenient and expensive, and are not national standard methods.
? The potentiometric stripping method ASV is accurate, convenient and rapid, and it is a standard method recommended by the state.
? The convenient, rapid and extremely inaccurate protoporphyrin method EP has been banned.
The key to accurate test results: whole-process quality control
Fourth, intervention treatment.
Comprehensive intervention treatment of lead poisoning in children;
? Health education,
? Improvement of living habits
? Improvement of eating habits
? Mild to moderate poisoning, use special health care drugs and health food to discharge lead.
? More serious poisoning should be treated with chelating agents such as disodium calcium ethylenediamine tetraacetate and hospitalized if necessary; And carry out epidemiological investigation on children's life scene and ask about lead pollution sources.
? Check blood lead regularly and observe the effect of intervention.
The fifth chapter is a brief introduction to the prevention and treatment center of common diseases for students in Nanyang Health and Epidemic Prevention Station.
? Nanyang Health and Epidemic Prevention Station has a professional organization for the prevention and treatment of common diseases among students, with staff of 16, chief physician and deputy chief physician of 1, and 5 intermediate professional technicians.
? The main business recently carried out: prevention and treatment of lead poisoning in children, lack of trace elements such as calcium, iron and zinc in children, and unresponsive treatment of hepatitis B vaccine injection.
? Detection method of lead content in children: the method recommended by the Ministry of Health WS/T 21-1996 (blood lead potential stripping method), also known as anodic stripping voltammetry, saves the whole process of quality control in epidemic prevention stations, and the detection results are accurate and reliable.
Comprehensive intervention treatment of lead poisoning in children;
? Special health food (Lidsville candy tablets) and health medicine (Qi Zhi granules) approved by the State Food and Drug Administration were used for intervention treatment.
? Health education should be supplemented to improve living habits and eating habits.
? When necessary, carry out on-site epidemiological investigation and detection of children's living environment to inquire about lead pollution sources.
? Check blood lead regularly and observe the curative effect.
What standard feed is good feed? Good feed is not spoken, but the feed that is more than the money earned when it is finally sold and around. Get rid of all appearances and finally get the money in your hand is the truth. If the breeding time is long, you can do comparative experiments. Or do comparative experiments with others.
What is the lead standard for PVC environmental protection testing? RoHS directive requires that the lead content should be lower than 1000PPM. Ppm: one in a million.
Physical and chemical properties: apparent density, light transmittance, haze, yellowness index, whiteness, expansion rate, water content, acid value, specific gravity, hardness, density, resin content, water absorption, dimensional stability, etc.
Chemical resistance: oil resistance, gasoline resistance, acid resistance, alkali resistance, water resistance, organic solvent resistance, cleaning agent resistance and so on.
Mechanical efficiency: impact performance, tensile efficiency, bending efficiency, electrical efficiency, wear resistance, friction coefficient, low temperature efficiency, rebound efficiency, tear efficiency, etc.
Thermal efficiency: specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal deformation temperature, micro-card softening temperature, fire resistance, self-extinguishing, smoke density, etc.
Aging efficiency: ozone, ultraviolet ray aging, salt spray aging, xenon lamp aging, carbon arc lamp aging, halogen lamp aging, life evaluation, etc.
Detection of harmful substances: soluble heavy metals, phthalate plasticizers, formaldehyde, REACH, ROHS, etc.
Component analysis items: component analysis, principal component analysis, comparative analysis, unknown matter analysis, atlas analysis, failure analysis, total component analysis, molecular weight analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis, brand identification, material identification, formula reduction, etc.
The standard of feed lard and the purchasing acceptance standard of feed grade lard are for your reference.
Acid value ≤5mgkoh/g, peroxide value ≤5mmol/kg, TBA≤2.0, moisture ≤0.5 and crude fat ≤98%.
Concession acceptance range: acid value ≤8 peroxide value ≤ 10 TBA≤4.0 moisture ≤ 1.0 crude fat ≤96%.
Note: The heating test does not change color at 280 degrees, and TBA is a reference index to judge the adulteration of lard.
What is the lead content of the standard faucet? China's national standard is less than or equal to 1.8%, the EU standard is less than or equal to 1.0%, and the US standard is less than or equal to 0.8%. From these figures alone, we know that the faucets used by EU people and Americans are more environmentally friendly and healthy than ours, at least the standards of our domestic products are lower than others.
The standard lead content of Hansgeya shower is1.2% < Pb <; 1.7% is made of high quality brass, which meets the standard of EN 1982. Hansgroya has always strictly followed the global unified standards.
Is there a standard for feed oil? Feed oil is a newly added oil in animal feed, which is mainly mixed into feed for livestock to eat, which can improve the taste of livestock and achieve the purpose of increasing meat. The raw materials of feed oil are by-products in the production of animal fat and vegetable oil, mainly by-products in the process of slaughtering and processing, mainly including intestinal oil, lower abdominal fat, leftover meat and so on.
The biggest difference between feed oil and edible vegetable oil is also the source. Feed oil comes from waste edible oil, which is what we usually call "gutter oil", and it is absolutely not allowed to be used as the processing raw material of edible oil. Secondly, edible vegetable oil is much stricter than feed oil in acid value, peroxide value, lead content, arsenic content and pesticide residue.
Generally speaking, the saturated fatty acid content of animal oil is higher than that of vegetable oil, which has a great negative impact on human health. China's National Hygienic Standard for Edible Animal Fats in 2005 pointed out that animal fats generally refer to edible lard, sheep oil and butter which are made from pig suet, meat fat, omentum or pure adipose tissue attached to internal organs and passed veterinary hygiene inspection. Animal feed oil should meet the requirements of pesticide residues, heavy metals and mycotoxins in the Hygienic Standard for Vegetable Oils.
European Union Standard for Lead in Products II. Regulatory requirements for lead:
1. EU:
76/769/EEC, 89/677/EEC: useless.
94/62/EC:& lt； 100ppm
ROHS:& lt； 1000ppm
RoHS exemption:
Glass: such as cathode fluorescent lamp.
Alloy: Lead content in steel alloy.
Glass: such as cathode fluorescent lamp.
Alloy: Lead content in steel alloy.
Lead content in aluminum
Lead content in copper alloy
Solder: melting lead in solder at high temperature (that is, the lead content in tin-lead solder alloy exceeds 85%);
Lead in solders for servers, storage and storage systems (exempted before 20 10)
Lead in solder used in network infrastructure equipment for exchange, signal and transmission and telecommunication network management;
Lead in electronic ceramic products such as piezoelectric ceramics.
3.RoHS is exempt from hearing:
Lead and cadmium can be used in optical glass and goggles;
Tin-lead solder with lead content of 85% can be used for microprocessor packaging and its pins with more than two solder interfaces, but its term is 20 10 years;
High solubility lead-containing solder (such as tin-lead solder alloy with lead content of 85%) and any solder that needs low temperature welding to complete power connection.
I can't remember the standard of feed animal oil. It seems that the national standard of feed oil is in the stage of soliciting opinions. View original post >>
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