At present, the rocket is the only vehicle that can make an object reach the speed of the universe, overcome or get rid of the gravity of the earth and enter space. The speed of the rocket is obtained by the operation of the rocket engine. As early as 1903, tsiolkovsky derived the ideal velocity formula V=ωLnMo/Mk for a single-stage rocket, which is called the Tsiolkovsky formula. ω is the injection speed of the engine, Mo and MK. They are the initial mass of the rocket and the mass when the engine is turned off (the propellant is used up). Mo/Mk is called the mass ratio of the rocket.
According to this formula, the rocket speed is directly proportional to the jet speed of the engine and increases with the increase of the rocket mass ratio. Even with the best liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, the injection speed of the engine can only reach 4.3 ~ 4.4 km/s, so it is impossible for a single-stage rocket to send an object into space orbit, and a multi-stage rocket must be used to send a spacecraft into space orbit through relay.
Rockets used to carry spacecraft are called space launch vehicles, and military bombs are called rocket weapons (uncontrolled) or missiles (controlled). Space launch vehicles are generally composed of power system, control system and structural system, and some are equipped with additional systems such as telemetry and safe self-destruction.
There are several connection modes between stages of multistage rockets, including series connection, parallel connection and series-parallel connection. Series connection refers to connecting several single-stage rockets in series into a straight line; Parallel connection means putting a large single-stage rocket in the middle, called the core stage, and bundling several smaller rockets around it, generally called booster rocket or booster, that is, booster stage; The core stage of series-parallel multistage rocket is also a multistage rocket.
The connection and separation between stages of multi-stage rocket, between rocket and payload and fairing are realized by connecting a separation mechanism (often referred to as separation mechanism). The separation mechanism is composed of an explosive bolt (or explosive cable) and an ejection device (or small rocket). Usually connected into a whole by explosive bolts or explosive cables; When separating, the explosive bolt or explosive cable explodes to unlock the connection, and then the two parts are separated by the ejection device or small rocket, or the powerful jet after the previous rocket engine is started.
Rocket technology is a very complex comprehensive technology, which mainly includes rocket propulsion technology, overall design technology, rocket structure technology, control and guidance technology, plan management technology, reliability and quality control technology, test technology and so on. On the missile side, there are warhead technologies such as warhead guidance and control, penetration, reentry heat protection, nuclear reinforcement and miniaturization.
Edit the historical origin of this paragraph.
According to ancient records, the word "rocket" first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period in the 3rd century A.D., with a history of 1700 years. At that time, in the battle between the enemy and ourselves, people called the arrow with flammable materials on its head an arrow, which was ignited and fired at the enemy, called a rocket. This is a weapon for fire attack. In essence, it is just an arrow with "fire", which is far from what we call a rocket now. After the invention of gunpowder in the Tang Dynasty, in the Song Dynasty, people tied a barrel full of gunpowder to an arrow shaft, or put gunpowder in the arrow shaft, lit the fuse, and then fired it. The arrow flies farther with the reaction force to the backward fire generated by the burning of gunpowder in flight. People call this kind of jet rocket a rocket. This kind of arrow, which spits fire backwards and is boosted by reaction force, has the embryonic form of a modern rocket and can be called the original solid rocket.
Rocket is a kind of jet propulsion device, which uses hot air to jet backward at high speed and uses the generated reaction force to push forward. Usually the word rocket also includes missiles, spaceships and even fireworks.
The most common rockets burn solid or liquid chemical propellants. The combustion of propellant produces hot gas, which ejects airflow to the tail of rocket through nozzle. Rockets bring their own fuel and oxidant, while other jet engines only need to carry fuel, and the oxygen needed for fuel combustion is taken from air. So rockets can be used outside the earth's atmosphere, while other jet engines can't. When the rocket is launched, it generates huge thrust, which makes the rocket rise into the sky quickly in a short time. With the continuous reduction of fuel, the mass of the rocket itself is gradually reduced. As the distance from the earth increases, the influence of mass and gravity decreases, and the rocket speed becomes faster and faster.
When Saturn V rocket set off for the moon, five engines consumed nearly 3 tons of kerosene per second, and the thrust they generated was equivalent to the takeoff thrust of 32 Boeing 747s. It is impossible to determine the exact time when the rocket was invented. Most experts believe that China people developed practical military rockets as early as13rd century. /kloc-there were several technological advances in the 0/9th century: the paper shell of fuel container was changed to metal shell, which prolonged the duration of combustion; Formulation standardization of gunpowder propellant: creating a launch pad; Discovered the principle of spin orientation and so on. At the end of 19, rockets began to be used for non-military purposes, such as transporting lifeline to ships in distress at sea. 19 At the end of the 20th century, American scientist Goddard and several other experts laid the foundation of modern rocket technology and launched the first liquid fuel rocket.
In 1970s, the United States developed a brand-new rocket-powered spacecraft-the space shuttle. It is mainly divided into three parts: an orbiter with three main engines at the back of the fuselage; External fuel tank, filled with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellant (falling off after 5 minutes), to ensure the main engine to work; It is equipped with two separable solid fuel rocket engines (separated after 2 minutes), which are started at the same time as the main engine of the orbiter to provide thrust during the initial lift-off. 1981April 12, the first space shuttle "Columbia" was launched.
After China's ancient rocket technology was introduced to Europe, rockets were once classified as military equipment after improvement. Early rockets had short range and wide distribution of impact points, and were later replaced by artillery. After World War I, with the continuous progress of science and technology, rocket weapons developed rapidly and played a powerful role in World War II.
In 1980s, Swedish engineer Laval invented Laval nozzle, which improved the design of rocket engine. /kloc-at the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, liquid rocket technology began to rise. 1903, к E tsiolkovsky of Russia put forward the idea and design principle of manufacturing large liquid rockets. 1March 926 16, American rocket expert and physicist R.H. Goddard flew the first uncontrolled liquid rocket. 1944, Germany used a controlled V-2 missile propelled by a liquid rocket engine for the first time in the war. 1931May, the IAF led by German scientist Herman Aubert successfully tested the first liquid rocket in Europe. By 1932, after visiting the liquid rocket launch test developed by the association, the German military realized the great potential of rocket weapons in future wars and began to organize a group of scientists and engineers to concentrate on secretly developing rocket weapons. By the early 1940s and the middle of World War II, Germany had successfully developed two kinds of missiles, V- 1 and V-2, which could be used in actual combat. Among them, V- 1 is a flying wing missile, which uses an air jet engine as the power device; V-2 is a ballistic missile powered by a rocket engine. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States successively developed various rocket weapons, including intercontinental ballistic missiles.
China has been developing new rockets since 1950s. 1970 On April 24th, the first artificial earth satellite was successfully launched by the Long March 1 three-stage carrier rocket. 1975165438+1On October 26th, the Long March II carrier rocket launched a recoverable heavy satellite with greater thrust. 1980 On May 18, a new rocket was successfully launched into the South Pacific. 1982, 10, the submarine successfully launched the rocket underwater. 1on April 8, 984, the geosynchronous test communication satellite was successfully launched by the Long March III carrier rocket with a three-stage liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen rocket engine. 1On September 7th, 988, a meteorological satellite was successfully put into sun-synchronous orbit by cz-4. 1992 August 14, the newly developed Long March II E-type high-thrust carrier rocket launched the Australian Aarseth B 1 satellite into the predetermined orbit. All these indicate that China, as the birthplace of rockets, has entered the advanced ranks in the world in the field of modern rocket technology, and has steadily entered the international launch service market.
In the development of modern rocket technology, Qian Xuesen of China, Werner wernher von braun of Germany and korolev tsiolkovsky of the Soviet Union all made outstanding contributions.
The hometown of the rocket is in China.
Although people have used balloons, airships and airplanes to fly in space, balloons and airships can only fly with the wind at low altitude.
Edit this regulation
According to international law, the nationality of the owner of the launch vehicle determines that the country must be responsible for any damage caused. Therefore, some countries require rocket manufacturers and launchers to abide by specific laws and regulations to compensate and protect people and property from possible influences.
Edit the classification and composition of this paragraph.
Rockets can be classified in different ways. According to different energy sources, it can be divided into chemical rockets, nuclear rockets, electric rockets and photon rockets. Chemical rockets are divided into liquid propellant rockets, solid propellant rockets and solid-liquid mixed propellant rockets. According to different purposes, it can be divided into satellite launch vehicles, mine-laying rockets, meteorological rockets, hail suppression rockets and various military rockets. According to whether there is control or not, it can be divided into controlled rockets and uncontrolled rockets. According to the series, it is divided into single-stage rockets and multi-stage rockets. According to the range, it is divided into short-range rockets, medium-range rockets and long-range rockets. Although there are many classification methods for rockets, their components and working principles are basically the same.
Solid rocket and liquid rocket are commonly used rockets now. In addition, there are hybrid rockets-that is, solid fuels and liquid oxidants. In addition, it is worth mentioning that most of the current launch vehicles include liquid rockets and solid rockets, that is, a rocket may be solid in the first section and liquid in the second section.
The basic components of a rocket are propulsion system, arrow body and payload. The controlled rocket is also equipped with a guidance system.
Rocket propulsion system is the power source of rocket flight. Among them, the fire rocket engine can be divided into chemical rocket engine, nuclear rocket engine, electric rocket engine and photon rocket engine according to its working medium. Chemical rocket engines are widely used, and the energy released by the chemical reaction of propellant in the combustion chamber is converted into thrust. The ratio of thrust to propellant consumption per second is called specific impulse, which is the main index of engine performance, and its level is related to the design and manufacturing level of the engine, but mainly depends on the performance of the selected propellant. The thrust of rocket engine is selected according to its characteristics and uses, and its size varies greatly, as small as micro-cattle, such as electric rocket engine; As big as ten trillion cattle, such as the solid rocket booster of the American space shuttle.
The arrow body is used to install and connect various rocket systems and hold propellant. In addition to a good aerodynamic shape, the arrow body also requires that the lighter the weight, the smaller the volume, the better, while the established function remains unchanged. When the take-off mass is constant and the structural mass is light, a larger flight speed or range can be obtained.
The payload of a launch vehicle includes a satellite, a spacecraft or a space probe. The payload of a rocket weapon is a warhead.
In order to successfully launch a rocket, it is also necessary to have ground launch equipment and launch facilities. Ground launch equipment is large and small. Small portable shoulders, such as the launcher of portable air defense rockets and anti-tank rockets; If it is large, such as a satellite launch vehicle, it needs a fixed launch site and huge launch facilities, as well as a flight tracking and control station.
The present situation and development of editing this paragraph
Since 1950s, rocket technology has been rapidly developed and widely used, among which various controllable rocket weapons (missiles) and space launch vehicles have developed most rapidly. From rockets to anti-tank missiles, air defense missiles, anti-ship missiles, and various tactical missiles and strategic missiles that attack fixed targets on the ground, they have developed to a fairly perfect level and become indispensable weapons for modern troops. All kinds of rocket weapons are developing in the direction of improving hit accuracy, anti-jamming ability, penetration ability and survivability. In addition, rocket weapons such as anti-missile and anti-satellite are also under development. Launch vehicles developed on the basis of ground-to-ground ballistic missiles have been widely used to launch satellites, manned spacecraft and other spacecraft. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union and the United States developed six or seven series of launch vehicles respectively. Among them, the Saturn V rocket manned by the United States to the moon has a diameter of 10 m, a length of11m, a takeoff mass of about 2,930 tons, and a low-earth orbit carrying capacity of 127 tons. The take-off mass of the Soviet "Energy" rocket is about 2,000 tons, and the carrying capacity in low earth orbit is about 100 tons. China's "Long March II" E rocket adopts parallel booster technology, which not only improves the carrying capacity, but also lays the foundation for further developing rockets with larger carrying capacity. The launch vehicle is developing towards high reliability, low cost, multi-purpose and multi-purpose. The appearance of the space shuttle, which can travel back and forth between space and the earth many times, is the embodiment of this development trend. The rapid development of rocket technology can not only provide more perfect missiles and promote the development of related science, but also make it possible to develop space resources, establish space industry, space base and interstellar navigation.
Edit this simulated rocket.
(1) Take two small metal cylinders (preferably waste drying filters of refrigerators) and fix them symmetrically and horizontally at both ends of the crossbar. Drill a small hole in the tail of the cylinder, and the lower part of the cylinder should be able to put alcohol cotton balls, as shown in the figure. Use a medical syringe to inject an appropriate amount of alcohol into the barrel through the small hole, and ignite the alcohol cotton ball below the barrel. Soon, you can see the flame spewing from the small hole, and the rocket model will rotate quickly and make a "whirring" sound, which is very realistic.
(2) You can also take an eye drop glass bottle, insert a ballpoint pen core tube with beads removed in the center of the bottle cap, so that the bottle stopper is tightly sleeved on the bottle mouth, and then fix the two glass bottles symmetrically and horizontally at both ends of the cross bar, so that the alcohol cotton ball can be placed under the bottle, and inject one third of the water into the bottle with a syringe. After the alcohol cotton ball was ignited, it was soon seen that the glass bottle mouths at both ends of the crossbar sprayed steam and the turret rotated rapidly. This also explains the principle of the rocket.
Edit this launch record of countries around the world.
Success rate: number of launches, number of failures, success rate
Russia 1438+0438+04996438+0%
2 EU1641193.3%
3 USA 5 10 35 93. 1%
4 China 8 1 8 90. 1%
5 Japan 50 5 90%
India 19
7 Israel
(July 2005)
Edit the explanation of this paragraph.
Hu yuan
rocket
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◎ Rocket HuǒJian
[Rocket] A device consisting of a shell filled with combustible mixture. The gas produced by combustion is discharged backward, thus generating a reaction force and emitting it into the air. Used for incendiary bombs or blasting bombs, or as launching devices (such as launching lifeline or whaling harpoon)
Launch rockets in succession. -"Guangdong Military Affairs"
Rockets are frequent.
Rockets have been launched.
Hu yuan
rocket
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1. In ancient times, an arrow was attached to an arrow with a kindling object, which hit the enemy line and caused burning. The reflection of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Ming Di Zhuge Liang surrounded Chen Cang, and Cao Zhen sent general Fei Yao and others to reject the Pei Songzhi's introduction of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Lue: "Zhao () returned to his ladder with a rocket, and all the ladders were burned to death." Song Sima Guang's Story of Surabaya Volume 12: "Zhou Zhiming, Xuan Ji, smearing mud, preparing for rockets to shoot thieves." Qing Gu Yanwu's "Qian Jun's Trip to Ruzhou": "When a thief shoots a rocket at the city, the city will respond."
2. Modern flying devices driven by recoil. It can be used to launch satellites, artificial planets, spaceships and so on. Can also be loaded with warheads to make missiles. In popular language, rocket is also the abbreviation of rocket engine.
Edit this segment of the launch vehicle
Lady Yang
Launch vehicle (launch vehicle)
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Launch vehicle
[launch vehicle; A rocket plane used to carry something.
The launch vehicle of the first artificial earth satellite has fallen behind.
Lady Yang
Launch vehicle (launch vehicle)
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A rocket carrying a satellite or other artificial star. This kind of rocket has a high speed, and some of them also run in a certain orbit between stars after transporting artificial stars. Wen Wei Po 1984.4. 19: "During his space career of more than 20 years, he conducted many launch vehicles on the spot and sent several satellites into space."
Edit this space rocket.
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A rocket that can be launched into the space of other planets or galaxies outside the gravitational range of the earth.
Edit this weather rocket
Xi an ɡ Hu Yang
meteorological rocket
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A sounding rocket that detects physical characteristics (such as pressure, temperature, humidity, etc.) ) and upper atmosphere phenomena. It is usually a small uncontrolled rocket, weighing 10 ~ 100 kg. The detection height is 30 ~ 100 km.
Edit this rocket launcher
Paayum Puli
Rocket artillery
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Rocket launcher
A cannon that fires rockets. There are multiple rails, frames and multiple pipes. It can launch one to dozens of rockets at a time. Fast launching speed, fierce firepower, great power and good maneuverability. However, the projectiles are widely dispersed, and the firepower is obvious when launching, and the position is easy to be exposed.
Rocket shell
Unguided ammunition propelled by rocket engine. It is mainly used to kill and suppress the enemy's effective forces and destroy fortifications and weapons and equipment. According to the damage to the target, it is divided into killing, blasting, armor-piercing, armor-piercing, burning and other rockets; According to the flight stability, it is divided into tail rocket and turborocket. Rockets usually consist of warheads, rocket engines and stabilizers. Warheads include fuses, rocket shells, explosives or other fillers. Rocket engine includes ignition system, propellant, combustion chamber, nozzle and so on. Tail-wing rockets rely on the tail wing to maintain flight stability; Turbine rocket relies on the gas ejected from the inclined nozzle to make the rocket rotate at high speed around the axis of the rocket, resulting in gyro effect and maintaining flight stability. Rocket launchers include rocket launchers, rockets and rocket launchers. Because the rocket is equipped with a self-propelled device, its launcher is less stressed, so it can be launched by multiple tubes (tracks). The rocket launcher used by individual soldiers is light and flexible, which is an effective short-range anti-tank weapon.
Paayum Puli
Rocket artillery
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A gun that fires rockets. The rocket recoil on the shell fires the shell.
Edit this multistage rocket.
Duduhui
multistage rocket
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A rocket consisting of two or more stages. There are three combinations: series, parallel and series. Multistage rockets can increase the range and final speed of payloads (warheads, satellites, etc.). ). Strategic missiles and large launch vehicles usually use multistage rockets.