Hotel industry is one of the industries with high energy consumption, high emission and high pollution. With the increasing global demand for energy, the contradiction between energy and resource shortage has become increasingly prominent, leading to rising energy prices. According to statistics, the energy cost of hotels accounts for 8% ~ 15% of operating expenses, and it is on the rise. Therefore, it is very necessary to save energy and reduce emissions, which can reduce the operating costs of hotels and greatly enhance the profitability of hotel enterprises. Based on the engineering example, this paper analyzes and discusses the green environmental protection design of the hotel, and makes suggestions for the environmental protection and energy saving of the hotel.
General situation of hotel architecture
This building is located near Beijing airport. The project is a complex of three buildings above ground, two floors underground and three floors underground: a five-star hotel with nine floors above ground and a building height of 32.20 m; One is a seven-story office apartment building with a building height of 22.65 m; A two-story shopping mall with a building height of 9.65m, the total construction area of this project is about13,4221m2, of which the above-ground construction area is about 72,937m2 and the underground construction area is about 6 1262 m2. Adopt central air conditioning system. The air conditioning area of shopping malls and supporting office apartment buildings is about 3 1729m2, and that of hotels is about 37800m2. Project function distribution: the basement of office apartment building is used for office, staff training, staff locker room, exhibition hall and exhibition room; The second and third floors underground are computer rooms and garages of supporting buildings; The first floor of the hotel is equipped with karaoke, sauna massage, gym, swimming pool, Chaozhou restaurant and staff dining room lighting, and the first and second floors are equipped with lobby, restaurant, private rooms, large and small banquet halls, shops and so on. Above the third floor is the guest room floor; The office apartment building consists of three towers, of which the north tower is an apartment building, the middle tower and the south tower are office buildings; Design a two-story shopping mall next to the office apartment building. The overall rendering of the hotel is shown in the following figure.
Hotel building layout design
The green design of buildings is mainly reflected in the rational layout. If the layout is unreasonable, it will lead to the deterioration of the local climate of buildings. Due to the improper design of single building and group layout, it is not uncommon to see reports that strong winds blow objects and break glass. It may be due to insufficient attention to the prediction of outdoor wind environment or lack of effective technical means. In architectural planning, architects generally pay too much attention to the functional layout, aesthetic design and space utilization of the architectural plane, and seldom consider the influence of airflow in high-rise and high-density buildings on people. In fact, a good outdoor wind environment not only means that people will not struggle in the building when the wind speed is too high in winter, but also is conducive to natural ventilation in the hot summer. From this point of view, it is obviously not enough to simply consider setting up a barrier of prevailing wind in planning and design.
In architectural design, natural ventilation is the most economical and effective means to adjust the environment, and the plane layout, facade design and three-dimensional space layout of buildings have important influence on the applicability and effect of natural ventilation. Architectural design fully considers this influence, and natural ventilation can effectively solve the problems of thermal comfort and air quality in buildings, and create a healthy and comfortable environment without increasing investment. At present, the design of natural ventilation is an advanced topic in the world. Although there is no systematic design method, it has been widely used in various buildings.
Based on the above considerations, the main building of this scheme consists of three functional parts, one is a five-star hotel, the other is an office building (Block A, B and C), and the third is its supporting commercial building (Block D). Part of the hotel is located on the east side of the plot, and the main facade is opposite to Gangshan Road, showing a "shuttle" layout, which not only forms a smooth linear shape, but also facilitates wind direction guidance; Office apartment buildings (Blocks A, B and C) are located in the middle of the plot, with dumbbell-shaped layout, green space and sunken square in the middle, which makes better use of sunlight and organizes natural ventilation; The building height of Block D of the West Attached Commercial Building is designed to be 9.65 meters, which meets the requirement of sunshine distance from the west residential building. Specifically, ecological building design is a systematic method for sustainable building design according to human comfort requirements and local climate conditions. Its essence is to reasonably adjust and deal with various physical factors (that is, acousto-optic thermal environment factors, including air temperature and humidity, sunshine, wind speed, noise, illumination, etc. ) affect the surrounding buildings, so that the local environment is transformed into a direction conducive to human thermal comfort, thus improving the thermal comfort quality of indoor and outdoor physical environment and meeting the comfort requirements. As an important channel for human beings to "get" and "return" from the natural environment, the design quality of building energy system is one of the main criteria for evaluating whether a building is an ecological building.
Greening, Waterscape Design and Prevention of Residential Heat Island Phenomenon
The thermal environment around the building is not only related to airflow, but also related to the radiation system around the building. Influenced by building density, building materials, building layout, green space rate, waterscape facilities and other factors, the outdoor air temperature of buildings may appear "heat island" phenomenon. The phenomenon of "heat island" in summer will not only increase the probability of high temperature heatstroke, but also promote the formation of photochemical smog, aggravate pollution and increase the energy consumption of building air conditioning. Reasonable architectural design and layout, efficient and beautiful greening forms and waterscape settings can effectively reduce the heat island effect and obtain a fresh and pleasant indoor and outdoor environment.
Due to the lack of correct understanding of outdoor environment design, there are three main problems in building greening at present: first, the way of building greening is monotonous; Second, the greening function is single; Third, the traditional cultural interest is lost. In the design of greening system, how to improve the outdoor environment of buildings, in addition to avoiding the above misunderstandings, should also do two things well: First, reasonably choose and match the greening plants and waterscape settings, coordinate with the thermal environment design of the whole building area, give people a visual sense of beauty, and give full play to the role of plants and water in reducing heat island and improving microclimate; Second, the design should be people-oriented. If the final result of greening design is to isolate people from green, it is not advisable to just "flinch".
The planning of this project is combined with the layout of the main building to form a green space system combining centralization and decentralization. The design of green space is mainly based on the ground greening in the north and the greening in sunken plaza, in which garden sketches are dotted to create a multi-level greening system. The most distinctive one is the roof garden located on the third floor of the hotel. The roof garden on the third floor of the hotel skillfully creates a landscape of mountains and rivers in the air by using the height difference between the grand ballroom on the second floor and other spaces, which has become the highlight of the greening of the whole building complex. The green belt parallel to Nanping Street in the south of the community has also played a role in purifying and beautifying the environment. Scattered green spaces are dotted on the roof of the building and around the building, so that the greening can achieve the combination of point, line and surface, thus creating multi-level green spaces, striving to make the project concise, lively, generous and decent, and rich in distinctive artistic and contemporary characteristics, in an effort to make it a bright spot of Beijing urban architecture.
The Green Design of Hotel
5. 1 Energy-saving design of enclosure structure
The layout of the outer envelope mainly refers to the layout of the outer wall and the outer window. The concept of shape coefficient can not fully reflect the complex influence of envelope structure on building thermal environment. In fact, for exterior walls and windows with different orientations, due to different local dominant wind directions, the infiltration situation is also different, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface is also very different. The solar radiation they receive changes with time, and the background radiation at night is also different. In order to maintain the thermal performance of the structure, when calculating the heat transfer coefficient of the external wall, we should not only meet the basic requirements of energy-saving buildings, but also pay special attention to the adverse effects of the surrounding thermal bridges, especially for non-flat roof buildings. We must calculate the average heat transfer coefficient of the external wall in strict accordance with the area weighted coefficient method.
Horizontal and vertical building components are used for shading in summer and heating in winter. When the outdoor temperature is high in summer, in order to prevent sunlight from entering the room, the window should be placed in the shadow of the sunshade; When the outdoor temperature is low in winter, we should strive for sunlight to illuminate indoors to improve the indoor temperature. Window shading is a very effective architectural technical measure to reduce direct sunlight, prevent indoor overheating, avoid glare and reduce the operating load of air conditioning. In general buildings, the temperature is 29, and the daily radiation intensity is about 280W/m2, which is the threshold for setting sunshade. There are four basic forms of shading outside the fixed window: horizontal shading, vertical shading, comprehensive shading and baffle shading: (1) horizontal shading can effectively block the direct sunlight projected from the front and upper parts of the window with large solar elevation angle; (2) Vertical shading can effectively block the direct sunlight coming obliquely from the side of the window with small solar elevation angle; (3) Comprehensive shading is a comprehensive application of horizontal shading and vertical shading, which can effectively block the direct sunlight coming obliquely downward from the window at a high angle of a medium-sized sun. In architectural design, the flexible use of horizontal lines as horizontal sun visor and vertical lines as vertical sun visor can be a sign or decoration, creating colorful geometric shapes and making them an integral part of the building, which not only meets the functional requirements, but also has artistic appeal.
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