The transition from martial arts to sports i. the golden age in troubled times.
At the beginning of the Opium War, China people's dream of becoming a powerful country was shattered in the face of cold reality. The legalization of opium trade has also destroyed the physique of many people in China and started to suffer? Sick man of East Asia? Humiliate. Although the 600-year ban on the people in Ming and Qing dynasties did not kill the atmosphere of learning boxing in folk Wulin.
After the end of the imperial system, the rural Boxers with martial arts began to flood into cities with relatively developed economy and relatively stable society, either as coolies or bodyguards, or as apprentices to teach boxing to make a living at first. For example, in the beginning, Tianjin, Shanghai and other cities became places where many martial arts masters gathered. Under the chaos, martial arts has become a favorite of many people in China? Strengthen the country? Sharp weapon. Many folk Wushu scholars have also begun to rethink the significance of Wushu to the country. ? In the past, martial arts were practiced by first-class soldiers, second-class guards and third-class military commanders. ? Chen Junyan, former deputy director of the research office of Shanghai Wushu Research Institute and senior editor of Shanghai Wushu, said that since the Republic of China, people who used to practice martial arts began to devote themselves to this vigorous sport.
At that time, some people of insight began to reflect on and attach importance to the value of Chinese traditional sports from the perspective of inspiring national spirit and promoting national culture, and proposed to develop Wushu and change its name? Wushu? . In the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen also attributed the martial arts spirit to? In order to revitalize the martial arts of sports and serve to strengthen the great relationship between countries, we can infer the spirit of martial arts. ? People with lofty ideals from all walks of life have also advocated strengthening the body against aggression and strengthening the country and enriching the people.
? At that time, there was an upsurge of learning martial arts in administrative organs and school associations. ? Chen Junyan said that many martial arts masters emerged in this upsurge of learning martial arts, and more ordinary people kept fit by practicing martial arts. In addition to fighting skills, the fitness function of Wushu is also valued by people. ? And this is precisely the sport of Wushu that began to be recognized by more people. In the early years of the Republic of China, people's physique was not as good as it is now, and Tai Ji Chuan began to develop slowly. ? Chen Junyan said that the two functions of Tai Ji Chuan attracted many people. On the one hand, it is a pusher, which can be very clever; On the other hand, it can treat chronic diseases. At the beginning, the popularity of Tai Ji Chuan also cured many people's lung diseases, because there was no specific medicine at that time, but practicing Tai Ji Chuan could recuperate the body. ?
Since then, a large number of boxers have poured into the city, challenging each other and making more boxing known. Since then, Taiji, Bajiquan, Xingyiquan, Bagua, Wing Chun and Guagua have become popular.
Because Wushu is regarded as a means to enhance military strength and improve people, and has been endowed with the purpose of saving the country and the people, more people began to learn Wushu, on the one hand, to keep fit, on the other hand, to cater to the trend at that time.
During the Republic of China, newspapers and media all over the country developed by leaps and bounds. Many newspapers actively promoted martial arts activities in a timely manner, and made a lot of reports on the one-knife meeting, the warriors' competition and martial arts performances. According to incomplete statistics, during the period from March 1933 to March 10 165438+, there were as many as 40 reports on Wushu in Wuhan Daily. These reports have attracted the attention of a large number of ordinary people, and Wushu has been further recognized by more people.
The transition from Wushu to sports II. From tutoring to physical education courses.
During the Republic of China, the thought of strengthening the country also entered schools, educated the country and educated many people? Wushu saves the country? This idea is consistent with mine.
Many schools have innovated and enriched the content of physical education class, added physical education departments and opened various physical education colleges. Driven by the wave of establishing new schools, some schools have added martial arts courses in physical education class, making martial arts one of the main contents of school physical education courses.
Yi Jiandong, an expert in sports sociology and vice president of Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, said that when the government of the Republic of China promulgated the relevant resolutions on martial arts education in schools, it reached seven (? Promotion of Wushu in China? ( 19 18),? Please add China ancient martial arts to the special case? ( 19 18),? Plan to invite all middle schools in the country to increase martial arts cases? ( 19 19),? School physical education pays special attention to national technical cases? ( 1926),? Please ask the national schools to designate Wushu as the main course of physical education? ( 1928),? Please prepare for the martial arts college? ( 1932),? Collating cases of martial arts textbooks? ( 1940).
More martial artists also entered the school and taught martial arts in physical education class. China Gymnastics School was established earlier? Give play to the national martial spirit? Therefore, Wushu is listed as one of the teaching contents. After 19 12, the school hired Zhao Lianhe, Lu Weichang and others from Jason Wu Sports Association as part-time Wushu teachers. The teaching contents include kicking, martial arts lifting, knives, guns, swords, sticks and other equipment. Beiyang Law School hired Liu Dianchen, a famous Xingyiquan, as its teacher. The physical education department of Beiping Normal University also puts martial arts in a very high position. Wushu teaching time is second only to English.
Shanghai Guangdong Primary School is also the best example of Wushu being favored by primary school physical education class during the Republic of China. ? At that time, a student aged 7 to 15 in physical education class, Guangdong primary school, had a martial arts class, and there were many martial arts performances at the school sports meeting. Many students are interested in Wushu as the content of physical education class. ? Chen Junyan also cited a report 1924 of Beijing Institute of Physical Education in June as an example. At that time, a survey of 40 middle schools in 16 provinces showed that 52.5% middle schools listed Wushu as a regular course, and only 22.5% middle schools taught it after class.
? Wushu has entered the school physical education curriculum, and Wushu clubs have also changed the traditional way of passing on mentoring, and implemented open and large-scale group coaching. ? Yi Jiandong said that the introduction of Wushu into school education, especially the category of sports, has also changed the way of Wushu communication.
Many Wushu public organizations even began to accept the arrangement of the government and enter schools to teach Wushu. 1933, Hankou martial arts museum was ordered by the municipal government to draw up the "measures for adding martial arts courses to municipal schools", which basically means that middle schools spend one hour twice a week and primary schools spend one hour once a week.
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The turning point from martial arts to sports Third, folk martial arts schools have sprung up everywhere.
The government has incorporated Wushu into school education, and Wushu has also been popularized among the people, further promoting the enthusiasm of the people to learn Wushu. A large number of civil official offices and civil Wushu associations were established, which also became a unique landscape at that time.
A large number of martial arts societies and guilds have been established one after another, and they are all advocating? Martial spirit? Using Wushu as an educational means to inspire the national spirit and make Wushu a powerful country made the social status of Wushu suddenly improve in the Republic of China. Such as Jason Wu Sports Association, Sports Research Association and Chinese Wushu Association. There are generally two types of these emerging Wushu organizations. One is academic institutions, which focus on the arrangement, research and publication of Wushu, such as the Sports Research Association established by 19 12. The other is the folk entertainment and education martial arts organizations, such as Shanghai Jason Wu Sports Association, which mainly teaches martial arts and also provides other sports and entertainment projects.
Jason Wu Sports Association was founded in 1998, formerly known as Jason Wu Gymnastics School, which was presided over by Huo Yuanjia, a great hero of the Republic of China. Based on Wushu and converted to Wushu? , get rid of the martial arts portal in history, a furnace smelting all factions. Given? School? This name and form limit the enrollment scope and wide spread of Wushu. At the initiative of Huo Yuanjia students Chen Gongzhe and Yao Chanbo, it was renamed? Jason Wu Gymnastics Association? . 19 16 has more and more members, so it has been renamed as? Jason Wu Games? . Jason Wu Sports Association is spontaneously organized by young businessmen who love martial arts. It is a non-governmental organization, with the rapid development of martial arts to the whole country.
Jason Wu Games? To advocate martial arts, learn sports and build a strong people? . Before 19 15, activities were limited to promoting martial arts. Starting from 19 15, the discipline was expanded, the form was improved, and military exercises, arts and entertainment were added. At the end of 1920s, there were 42 branches at home and abroad with more than 400,000 members.
The Jason Wu Games was originally initiated by a martial arts professor, and later taught modern physical education. ? Jason Wu Sports Association has a very modern idea, which is not completely retro. Teachers who teach martial arts in general society have traditional thinking, which is related to the education system. ? Chen Junyan takes the education model as an example. Most of our education now follows the western system, including physical education. The education represented by Jason Wu Sports Federation is completely different from private schools, and it is taught in the western way, including martial arts. ?
The western-style teaching of Jason Wu Sports Association also makes Wushu, like other sports imported from the west, gradually bring the shadow of sports competition. ? In addition to teaching martial arts, we also teach culture and art. In sports, there are also modern sports such as football and basketball. ? Wang Peikun, vice chairman of Shanghai Wushu Association and professor of Wushu College of Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, said? Jason Wu Sports Association has strict rules. Before choosing other martial arts, new members must receive ten basic routine trainings stipulated by the Central Jason Wu. ? Among them, teaching is also divided into three levels: junior, middle and senior, and the class hours are two years each. Six years after graduation, members can choose their own hobbies to continue their studies, or they can apply for positions in the conference.
During the period of the Republic of China, there were more than 20 folk Wushu organizations in Shanghai alone, such as Zirou Tai Ji Chuan Club, Quanjian Tai Ji Chuan Club, Jason Wu Sports Association and Qunying Wushu Club, and folk Wushu teaching gradually began to be materialized.
The transition from martial arts to sports 4. The looming sports brand of Wushu Museum
Folk Wushu schools and Wushu societies have been established one after another, and the central Wushu school organized by the government was also established in 1928. Zhang Zhijiang, the general of the Northwest Army at that time, was supported by some important Kuomintang officials, and the National Government approved the establishment of the Central Martial Arts School on the basis of his previous martial arts school.
? The establishment of the National Wushu Museum has increased the social attention to Wushu, and formulated and practiced the rules of Wushu boxing and boxing competition, which has played a positive role in popularizing and popularizing Wushu, promoting the sports and standardization of Wushu, and promoting the development of competitive Wushu to a certain extent. ? Yi Jiandong introduced that the Central Wushu Museum has classes for professors, teachers, practitioners, youth and teenagers. Pan-learning Broadcom? Due to the teaching principle, Wushu technical courses are widely offered.
After the establishment of the Central Martial Arts School, the Nanjing National Government ordered all provinces, cities, counties and even districts and towns to set up subordinate institutions accordingly. According to incomplete statistics, by the end of 1933, about 25 provinces, cities and more than 300 counties in China had established martial arts museums. Martial arts museums at all levels are under the dual leadership of the martial arts museum at the next higher level and the government at the same level, forming a top-down martial arts museum system.
At the same time, the confrontation and conflict between modern western sports and traditional martial arts in China also made western sports competition methods and rules begin to influence China martial arts.
? Even the organizational structure of government-run martial arts schools has been subtly influenced by western sports culture. For example, set up a board of directors in the martial arts school, adopt employment system and group training. ? Wang Peikun held it in the Central Wushu Museum? The first martial arts exam? For example,? Generally, it relies on western competitive modes, some of which are not found in traditional domestic competitions? Refers to the time draw, group match, foul penalty and suspension? And other rules commonly used in western sports competitions. ?
From martial arts to sports v. Appearing at the Berlin Olympic Games
In fact, since Wushu was introduced to China, western sports have had an impact on the way of Wushu competition. 1923, National Wushu Congress, 1928 Shanghai Wushu Games all appeared in the form of modern sports games. Because there were no evaluation rules at that time, only performances were not ranked. 1930 On New Year's Day, there were 20 judges and 20 pickets in the Wushu competition held by Shanghai Art Garden. Among the 2 1 samurai who participated in the final, the top three were judged. Although the name of the competition is challenge competition, the form of referee and competition is similar to modern sports competition. Even in the Shanghai Olympic Games of 193 1, Wushu was included in the competition together with other western sports. While promoting Wushu, people in China are beginning to understand the modern Olympic Games.
1932, Liu Changchun's defeat at the Los Angeles Olympic Games made many people lament the weakness of old China sports. However, in those days, Wushu attracted the world's attention at the Olympic Games.
1936 1 month, Central Wushu Museum and National Sports Institute? Nanyang tour group? The troupe has performed 65 martial arts performances in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Jinbao, Ipoh, Penang and Manila. Wherever Nanyang Tour Group went, it was warmly welcomed by overseas Chinese from all walks of life, and its performances were widely praised and praised by local people, which promoted the establishment of martial arts venues, martial arts clubs and martial arts schools in Southeast Asia.
1936 September, at the 1 1 Olympic Games held in Berlin, Germany, none of China's football, basketball, track and field events achieved ideal results. However, nine Wushu athletes from the Central Martial Arts Museum strengthened the prestige of the China delegation, and their performances won unanimous applause. They are the highlights that China showed to the world at that Olympic Games.
The martial arts in the martial arts museum, everyone's understanding of the modern Olympic Games is a further understanding of the Berlin Olympic Games. The competition of western sports is also imperceptibly changing China Wushu.
Even in some areas, Wushu is becoming more and more competitive in modern sports. 1936 During the National Games in Hubei Province, Wushu competitions were divided into three grades: light, medium and heavy, and were weighed and graded, with lots drawn, and it was emphasized that gouging, stabbing, scratching the crotch and hitting the face were forbidden, which showed that martial artists re-examined the rules of Wushu competitions.