According to ancient records: "In the Five Dynasties, Li Zheng made a paper kite in the palace to attract kites to ride the wind as a play, and then used bamboo as the flute head to make the wind enter the bamboo, making it sound like A Zheng, hence the name kite." So those who can't make a sound are called "paper kites", and those who can make a sound are called "kites".
Ancient kites have been used as military reconnaissance tools, ranging, crossing dangers and carrying people.
Southern and Northern Dynasties-Kites were once used as a communication tool for asking for help. In Liang Wudi, Hou Jing surrounded Taicheng. Bamboo slips tasted like paper kites, but they flew out in a hurry. As a result, he was shot and defeated, Taicheng fell, and Liang Wudi starved to death, leaving the story of this kite calling for help.
Levin in the Northern Qi Dynasty tied people's wings and made them jump off the tower and die, which was called "Sheng".
During the Han Dynasty-the struggle between Chu and Han, Han Xin once had a big kite made, fitted with bamboo whistle bowstring, and floated out of Chu camp at night to make it make strange noises, so as to break the morale of Chu army.
Tang Dynasty-Kites used for military purposes were gradually transformed into entertainment purposes, and kites were flown in the palace.
Song Dynasty-Kite flying was regarded as a physical exercise function. When people were in Tomb-Sweeping Day, they put kites high and far, then cut the strings and let them take away the bad luck accumulated in one year.
Ming Dynasty-Explosives were carried by kites, which detonated the fuse on kites according to the principle of "kite collision", thus killing the enemy.
Qingganlong-that is, there are two pieces of paper to control the detailed size and description of the kite.
During the Japanese occupation era, flying kites was forbidden for military reasons, because bright kites could send information to the enemy and provide targets for aircraft bombing.
In World War II, the US military used stunt kites as moving targets for shooting training.
1980, kites became popular, except for the initial double line, which evolved into three-line and four-line technical kites or stunt kites.
The origin of kites
The true origin of kites is now impossible to prove. Some folklorists believe that the ancients invented kites mainly to miss the sophisticated relatives and friends, so when the death gate of Tomb-Sweeping Day was briefly opened, they pinned their sympathy on kites and gave them to the dead relatives and friends.
The earliest kites were not toys, but were used for military and communication. In the late Tang Dynasty, it was called "kite" because someone added strings to the kite, which sounded like a guzheng when the wind blew.
In BC 1000, people in China first flew kites. It is said that people in China could fly kites long before they believed in history. According to legend, in the 4th century BC, Lu Ban, a famous craftsman in China, made a kite and took off for three days without falling. There is also a story in which a general surrounded the palace and used a kite to measure the distance between the palace wall and his own army. Kites can be used to send bricks to and from home, or to tie hooks to the tail of kites for fishing. In 1600, oriental kites (diamonds) were introduced to Europe by the Dutch. /kloc-In the 9th century, the British inventor Clay was inspired by kites and invented the glider. Texas actor Cody "Captain" once used a kite to drag a folding boat across the English Channel. 190 1 year, I made persistent efforts to fly kites with double boxes, which aroused great interest from the British War Department. Soon, the plane replaced the military kite, and Cody, the "captain", died in an air crash while flying his new biplane on 19 13. 1970, the American space program designed various "flying wings" to make kites become toys for adults again. For example, the Rogge Lele folding flying wing was originally designed for the safe landing in the Mercury spacecraft cabin, and was later replaced by a parachute; But this folding wing was originally the wing of today's hang glider. Flying a kite provides the principle and inspiration for the plane to fly into the sky.
Kites were called "kites" in ancient times and "kites" in the north. Most people think that kites originated in China and then spread all over the world. This is a traditional folk handicraft. In fact, the earliest kites in China were made of wood. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Mo Zhai (478-392 BC), a philosopher of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, used a wooden kite to fly to the sky in three years. Mozi was in Lushan (now Weifang, Shandong). "Cypress is a kite. It took three years to make it, but it was lost in one day." This means that Mozi finally made a wooden bird out of a board after three years of research and trial production, but it broke down after only one day's flight. This "wooden kite" made by Mozi is the earliest kite in China and the earliest kite in the world. (about 300 BC), 2400 years ago.
It was not until Cai Lun invented papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty that kites were made of paper, which was called "paper kites". Therefore, it can be inferred that China kites have a history of more than 2,000 years.
Mozi passed on his kite-making career to his students' open class (also called Luban). Lu Wen said that Lu Ban made kites out of bamboo according to Mo Zhai's ideal and design. Lu Ban split the bamboo, cut it into smooth slices, roasted it with fire, made it look like a magpie, and flew in the air for three days. The book "Hongshu" says: "The public transport class made a wooden kite to see Song Cheng".
At first, kites were usually used as military tools, as a means of triangulation signals, sky wind direction measurement and communication. Just like in the Spring and Autumn Period, Lu Ban made a wooden kite to see Song Cheng.
In BC 190, Chu and Han contended, and Han and Han Xin attacked Weiyang Palace to measure the distance under the tunnel with kites. In the Battle of Gaixia, Xiang Yu's army was besieged by Liu Bang's army. Han Xin sent people to make kites out of cowhide, put bamboo flutes on them, and let them work in the wind (Sean played the flute with a kite). The Han army sang Chu songs and dispersed the morale of the Chu army. This is the story of the idiom "Embattled".
There are also records about kites in the official history, which are earlier than the Five Dynasties. One is the Hou Jing Rebellion in the Southern Dynasties, when Liang Wudi was besieged by Hou Jing and the city walls were besieged. He used to fly kites for help. According to the Biography of Hou Jing in Southern History 80, in the third year of Liang Wudi (AD 549), Hou Jing made an insurrection, and the rebels besieged Liang Wudi in Jianye, Du Liang (now Nanjing), and were cut off from both inside and outside. Someone suggested making a paper crow and tying the imperial edict to it. At that time, the prince's suicide note was thrown by the northwest wind outside Taijitang for help, but it was discovered by the rebels. This is the story of Jane Wen's unfortunate failure to fly a kite for help.
According to legend, in the 5th century BC, the Greek Alkell Das invented the kite, but it was later lost. It was not until13rd century that the Italian Kyle Poirot returned to Europe from China that kites began to spread in the west.
According to other textual research, it spread to Korea in the tenth century, then to Japan, and to Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
There is also a story about flying kites in America. At that time, people thought that lightning and flash were the roar of religious gods and caused fear. Fran Green used kites to prove that lightning and flash are air discharges and invented the lightning rod.
Characteristics and customs of kites in various countries
Although there are different views on the origin of kites, most people still believe that kites originated in China and spread to all countries in the world around the 8th century.
Generally speaking, because the Asian region is rich in bamboo, it is suitable for all kinds of free-form curve structure design, and combined with myths and legends, so the kite shape is ever-changing and full of personal color; In western countries, due to the lack of bamboo, glass fiber or carbon fiber are mostly used as materials, and the shape and color of kites are bright and simple, and they are mostly expressed by simple color blocks.
However, due to the differences in materials, climate and folk customs, kites of various shapes have evolved. For example, after Shayan in the north spread to Southeast Asia, it was transformed into various moon kites in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Thailand and other places. However, hard rackets and rice-shaped structures spread to South Korea and developed into wind-hole kites. It spread to Japan and all over the world in the style of ukiyo-e painting. As for kites spread to Europe and America, bellows, wings and cross structures are the main designs, so geometric patterns such as three-dimensional modeling and delta wings are the mainstream.
Malaysia: The legend is beautiful.
Malaysians like flying kites, which can be traced back centuries. It is said to pay tribute to the god of rice. There is a legend that a long time ago, a poor farmer met a lost girl in the field. He took the girl home and raised her carefully. The longer the girl grows, the more beautiful she is, and the harvest of him and the villagers is getting better and better. But his wife was jealous and kicked the girl out of the house. Since then, the harvest performance of crops in the village has become worse and worse. It turns out that that beautiful girl is the rice god. Someone told him that he had to make a beautiful thing and put it in the place of MiShen in the air to express his regret to her. The farmer made a kite. With the introduction of kites, people's lives have become rich again.
The length of Malaysian kites is generally between one and two meters, and the width and length are similar. Kites are carefully made. First, choose bamboo that grows in the east. It is said that this can ensure that the sun god will always be attached to the kite to accompany you through your life.
Malaysian kites are shaped like fish, eagles, cats and parrots. However, people like the moon kite best. The moon kite is named after its crescent shape. Some kites are like birds, others like fish, but they all have crescent-shaped features. On official occasions, Malay girls often greet guests with exquisite and beautiful moon kites.
The Malaysian government often organizes kite competitions. Malaysia Airlines also uses kites as its logo.
Japan: Ukiyo-e painting has a unique style.
When kites were introduced to Japan, it was generally believed that China sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty and brought them to Japan from China.
After kites were introduced to Japan, they were originally used to convey information to colleagues, and it was not until the Edo era that they spread among the people. Most of the early kites were rectangular and golden semicircles without any decoration. In the Meiji era, the ukiyo-e style formed the unique style of Japanese kites, which enhanced the artistic and appreciation value of kites.
Korea: Snowstorm kites are unique.
South Korea has developed its own representative kite-snow kite, which is transformed from a herringbone kite.
Generally, herringbone kites are combined with cross and diagonal skeletons to strengthen the structure and increase the wind force. South Korea's wind cave kite, on the other hand, further digs a wind cave on the plane, skillfully uses the position of wind and exhaust, turns the leeward into buoyancy, and makes the action of the kite more flexible. It is a kind of combat kite.
Thailand: Kites are different for men and women.
There are two kinds of kites in Thailand: male kites are called bird kites and female kites are called fish kites. Bird Zheng is generally 2 meters high, also known as "Guess Langkang"; The fish kite is shaped like a diamond, also known as "Bai Bao", and it must be controlled by seven women when flying. February-April is the traditional kite-flying season, and many kite competitions are often held.
Holland: It used to be the largest in the world.
Nowadays, most Dutch kites have no skeletons, and the materials are mostly nylon cloth and plastic paper. 1984, the Netherlands showed the world's largest kite, which has no skeleton and is made of nylon cloth. Before flying, it must be inflated and towed by an 8-ton car.
Britain: Kite Reconnaissance Submarine
Kites were originally used as one of aviation equipment in Britain. In the 1920s, advertising with kites was a common propaganda technique. During World War II, Britain manned German submarines with kites. In the 1940s, the British Navy also deployed kites on destroyers as a defense against air strikes.
United States: stunt kites come from drones.
Flying kites is regarded as a sport in Xian Yi, and it is suitable for all ages in the United States. Most popular kites are made of nylon cloth, so they are not afraid of wind and rain.
After the invention of the soft kite in 1956, it can not only be supported by nylon cloth or plastic material when flying, but also be folded up, which is quite convenient to carry. The stunt kite, which is quite popular now, is said to be designed according to the target machine of missile shooting test.
Kite practice
The shape of the kite:
It mainly imitates natural creatures, such as birds, insects, animals and geometric shapes. And the patterns are mainly designed according to personal preferences, such as promoting Peugeot, animals, butterflies, birds and so on. Kites are made of plastic besides silk and paper, with bamboo sticks, wood and glue sticks as bone poles. Recently, someone designed a boneless kite, whose structure is to introduce air into a silk wind pit. Today, the kite forms an air pillow, floats gently, and then rides in the wind. China, Malaya, the Philippines and Japan also have a big kite, which is put into the blue sky at every kite festival. These kites vary in size from ten feet to twenty feet. The bone pole is made of bamboo, which is put by more than 0/00 people.
Kite making tools:
Paper cutter
Materials for making kites:
Bamboo strips, yarn strips, horse drawing paper
Characteristics of square kites:
(1) This kind of square kite is the most widely used and common one at present.
(2) The skeleton of a kite is very simple, with only two pieces.
(3) Although the method is simple, there are many changes in appearance, and a lot of things can be made with a little effort.
Exercise:
1. First soak the bamboo stick in water to soften it, then break it with a knife, about one third thick, and then trim it into a half shape, because later, the bamboo stick will stick to the horse drawing paper, and if it is too thick, it will tear the paper, and the bamboo stick will be too thick. Cut the repaired bamboo stick into two pieces with appropriate length, about (16 inch and 23 inch). Next, cut the horse drawing paper into a square, about 24 inches long. Horse drawing paper is a kind of rough paper, which is most suitable for making kites.
2. At this time, you can stick the bamboo stick on the paper, but remember to stick the long bamboo stick on the short third with gauze paper, and then bend it slowly until the two ends of the long bamboo stick touch the diagonal of the paper.
3. In the last step, stick the kite's tail under the kite, and after the angle between the line and the kite is better, you can hang it.
The kite's tail is the main tool to keep the kite balanced. When the kite flies against the wind, if one side is heavy, the kite will tilt to this side, preferably with a long tail, because the longer the tail, the greater the weight of the kite's head will rise, which will make the whole body suffer from the wind and balance the tilted side.
5. The silk thread of the kite can be tied to the kite with coils such as cowhide thread, cotton thread and glass thread, and the coils can be divided into circular coils and diagonal coils.
Famous kite producing area
Kaifeng, Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang, Nantong and Yangjiang are also known as the six traditional kite producing areas in China.
Weifang is praised as "the kite capital of the world" by all countries.
Kaifeng kites have a long history, many kinds and fine workmanship. Kaifeng kites can be roughly divided into six categories: hard-winged kites, such as Bigfoot Swallow and Cicada. Soft-winged kites: such as eagles and butterflies; String kites: such as string geese and string dragons; Barrel kites (or three-dimensional kites): such as dragon pavilions and rockets; Board kites: such as seven stars and eight diagrams. Among them, longting kite and dragon kite are the most famous. The "Longxiang" kite is more than 200 meters long and weighs 20 kilograms. After flying, it was magnificent and touching. And boneless kites. In recent years, Kaifeng has also developed exquisite miniature kites, which are petite and exquisite and can be placed in the palm of your hand for people to fondle, collect and fly. Kaifeng kites have become the favorite collection and appreciation of kite lovers at home and abroad.
Kaifeng kites are very popular because there is a folk custom in Kaifeng. On this day, Tomb-Sweeping Day put the kites high and far, and then deliberately cut the kite strings to let them float away with the wind, which means that the "depressed gas" accumulated in the past year is completely released, but he can't get sick for a year. Moreover, kites are full of hope. For example, the swallow kite is painted with fish, which implies more than one year. For example, bats, peaches, pine trees and cranes are painted on kites, which means happiness and longevity, and pine cranes will prolong life.
Kaifeng people regard flying kites as an entertainment and fitness activity dedicated to nature. Flying kites in the spring breeze in April is the favorite activity of Kaifeng citizens. This activity is also very beneficial, suitable for all ages. By flying kites in the wild suburbs, we can absorb fresh air, exercise, cultivate sentiment, strengthen our physique and make us healthier and happier.
Kite classification
Soft-winged kite:
That is, the common bird kite. Its lift plate (wing) is composed of a main wing, and the lower part of the wing is soft without the attachment of the main wing. Its structure is different from that of a hard-winged kite, and most of its main frames are embossed. Its shape is mostly birds or insects.
Hard-winged kite:
Common golden-winged figures and swallow kites all belong to this category. It is characterized in that the lifting blade (wing) is made of two horizontal bamboo strips, the two sides are high and the middle is concave to form a ventilation channel. The ends of the wings are tilted backward, so that the wind escapes from the ends of the two wings, which looks like an ingot horizontally.
China attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, kite-making skills were approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
The health benefits of flying kites
Flying kites in spring is very beneficial to people's health. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that people who fly kites can "relieve internal heat and strengthen their physique" by bathing in warm sunshine and spring breeze. There is also a saying in the history book Continued Natural History that "flying kites and looking up with their mouths open can release heat". The research of modern health care medicine also shows that flying kites in bright spring can stretch your bones and muscles, make your body keep moving with flying kites, and thus move your limbs. At the same time, breathing fresh air fully can promote human metabolism and improve blood circulation, thus achieving the effects of eliminating stagnation of qi and blood in winter, eliminating diseases and strengthening the body; In addition, when flying kites, the eyes are facing the blue sky, and the released kites have different shapes, which can eliminate eye muscle fatigue, adjust and improve vision, and prevent myopia and amblyopia.
In recent years, some hospitals and sanatoriums at home and abroad have adopted "kite therapy" to treat children's mental depression, neurasthenia and mental retardation, and have also received magical results.
Flying a kite is also a brain-strengthening exercise, which requires all your heart and soul. Only by properly handling the relationship between flying kites and wind direction and wind speed, we have to let the kite-flying people use their brains: the necessary condition for flying kites is that there is wind on the ground, but it is not easy to fly if the wind speed is too high, because the horizontal force of the air is too great at this time, it is difficult to "lift" and control the kite; Flying kites is most afraid of uncertain wind direction, because kites are most likely to be planted at this time. The ancients thought that the higher realm of flying kites was that when flying, the first line was connected. When it's not flying, it's like a horse lying in a trough. After flying, it's like entering a racecourse. You should be full of energy, pull the line tightly as a reins, like a horse, and then look at the sky and run back and forth with the drift.
Flying kites can make people feel happy and happy. When flying, the brain is highly concentrated, which will undoubtedly eliminate people's inner distractions; People who can fly will look at the blue sky and feel open-minded; In addition, the grass grows and the warblers fly in spring, which attracts people's attention. Flying kites is like a beautiful dialogue between man and nature.
Legend of kites
There are three legends about the origin of kites. First, the hat and the leaves say; Second, sailing boats and tents; Third, said the bird. However, the conclusion that kites originated in China is generally recognized by the kite industry in the world.
Hat and leaf theory
Hat is an ancient instrument for preventing rain and heatstroke, which was used by people when they changed from fishing and hunting to farming, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. At that time, the hat was simple to make and the tether was simple.
Use local materials and soft bark fibers. It is said that a farmer was plowing the field when a strong wind suddenly rolled up his hat. The farmer ran after him and grabbed the tether. It happens that this tether is very long,
Hats are flying in the air like kites. The farmer thought it was very interesting. He often put hats on the villagers in the future, and later he turned into flying kites. It is said that these leaves come from the south of China. It is said that people in ancient times
Children worship the phenomenon of leaves flying all over the sky, so they play with leaves tied with hemp and so on, which gradually evolved into an activity of flying kites. Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province province of China and Li nationality in Hainan Island were earlier.
Make kites out of leaves of bread trees.
Sailing boat and tent theory
Humans have a long history of using wooden boats, which were used in production as early as 2000 BC. Then the sailboat. Legend has it that there are sails on the boat when you are there. Sailing is a machine with the help of wind, so people will
Imitate the principle of sailing and set up a kite to fly. It is also said that kites originated from tents in the north. The earliest kites were made by people imitating the phenomenon of strong winds blowing tents in the air, and later gradually evolved into an entertainment activity.
Fenio said
Judging from the current historical records and the ancient kites that have been discovered, a prominent symbol of its structure, modeling and painting technology is the bird shape. So it is concluded that the first kites were inspired by birds, imitated by birds and named after them. Advocating, loving and imitating birds to make kites is people's pursuit of a better life. It is natural that kites are born of it.
Kite originated in China, which is a recognized conclusion in the world kite industry. The earliest kite in China was made by Mo Zhai, an ancient scientist. According to China's historical materials "Foreign Reserves Do Anything":
Julushan, Mo Zhai (now Qingzhou, Shandong) "Castanopsis fissa is a harrier, which was formed in three years and lost in one day." Mozi studied for three years, and finally made a wooden bird out of wood, but it broke after only one day's flight. This Muharier made by Mozi is the earliest kite in China.