Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD)
Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-AD 220)
The Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-8 AD) was the first unified and powerful empire in China. In the nearly 400-year history of the Western Han Dynasty, through a series of political and economic reforms, the national strength was strong and the people were happy, showing a scene of peace and prosperity. During this period, China has been standing in the world as a world power.
At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang supported Chu Huaiwang's anti-Qin campaign. After several years of fighting, Liu Xiangjun seized the world, and Xiang Yu abandoned Wang Huai as the overlord of the place of Chu, and enfeoffed the land of the world to dozens of princes, among whom Liu Bang was named Hanwang and Nanzheng. However, Liu Bang was not satisfied with living under Xiang Yu. With the help of counselors, Xiao He, general Han Xin and others, he defeated Xiang Yu in 202 BC and ascended the throne, with the title of Han, with Chang 'an as his capital, and became Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
During the seven years of Emperor Gaozu's reign, in order to weaken the influence of princes with different surnames, Han Xin, Ying Bu, Peng Yue and other generals were successively deprived of military power and titles, and centralized rule was strengthened. At the same time, he formulated a series of political policies of "sharing interest with the people", which consolidated his rule and laid the foundation for the strong prosperity of the Han Dynasty. 159, Gao Zuqiu was transferred to Liu Ying, Hui Di, but at this time, the regime was actually in the hands of Lv Zhi, the Queen of Henkel. Lv Hou was in power for 16 years and was one of the few female rulers in Chinese history. Before 183, Liu Heng ascended the throne as Wendi, and both he and Jingdi (son of Wendi, former 156- 143 reigned) continued to implement the policy of "sharing interest with the people" formulated by Gaozu, reducing people's taxes, making the economy of the Han Empire prosperous, people's lives stable and national strength greatly enhanced. Historians call this stage.
Through the "rule of cultural scene", the national strength of the Han Dynasty gradually became stronger. 14 1 years ago, Jingdi died and his son acceded to the throne. Liu Che is also one of the famous emperors in Chinese history. During his reign, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated the Huns, expanded the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, and ensured the economic and cultural development of the northern Han region. However, after years of fighting, the national strength declined, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called a truce in his later years and vigorously developed agriculture, so that the economy of the Western Han Dynasty continued to develop. Zhao, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, inherited his father's policy, continued to practice inaction politics and developed the economy, which brought the peak of the Western Han Dynasty.
After Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (reigned in 73-48 years ago) implemented the policy of "sharing interest with the people" for 38 years, the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty increased, but at the same time, the local power also increased, which seriously affected the rule of the Han Empire, from (reigned in 48-32 years ago) to becoming an emperor (reigned in 32-8 years ago) and mourning the emperor (reigned in 6 years ago). When Liu Ying ascended the throne, North Korea's power had fallen into the hands of Wang Mang's consorts. In the eighth year, Wang Mang usurped the throne and changed his title to a new country, ending the Western Han Dynasty's rule over China.
The Western Han Dynasty was one of the more powerful empires in China's history. Rulers focus on agricultural development, and have been practicing the policy of "rest and recuperation" throughout the ages. The people have plenty of food and clothing and live and work in peace and contentment, so the politics of the Han Dynasty has been relatively stable. During the Liang Wudi period, Minister Dong Zhongshu put forward the proposal of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which was adopted by Liang Wudi. Since then, Confucianism and Confucianism have formed the general plan of governing the country that China has followed since the Han Dynasty. Due to political and economic stability, handicrafts, commerce, humanities and arts and natural sciences have all developed by leaps and bounds. With the improvement of science and technology, the production efficiency of handicraft industry dominated by metallurgy and textile in the Western Han Dynasty has been greatly improved. Take textile as an example, there were embroidery machines that were close to forming in the Western Han Dynasty, which showed that some production at that time was separated from pure manual labor and improved productivity. The development of handicraft industry has promoted the prosperity of commerce, and many commercial cities have been formed with Chang 'an as the center, and diplomatic and commercial exchanges with western Asian countries have been opened up through the Silk Road.
In the field of humanities and arts in Han Dynasty, an outstanding great historian-Sima Qian appeared. He completed China's first general history "Historical Records", which was praised by later generations as "a masterpiece of historians, with no rhyme in Li Sao". In addition, the artistic level of the Han Dynasty reached a fairly high level. Judging from some cultural relics unearthed from Han tombs in recent years, their workmanship and craftsmanship are as fine as today. For example, the pottery figurines with hoes unearthed in Guanghan, Sichuan, and the wooden boat model of Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou are all rare art treasures with fine craftsmanship.
In the Western Han Dynasty, since the founding of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, it has gone through fourteen generations (including Wang Mang's new dynasty) for more than 230 years, making China once a powerful and wealthy empire. Therefore, the Western Han Dynasty is regarded as the first revival in the history of China.
Eastern Han Dynasty
The Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) was founded by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Han Dynasty ruled by Liu, known as the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In AD 25, with the help of outlaws, Liu Xiu defeated the usurper Wang Mang by force and won the throne. As the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, Han was still the title of the country, but Luoyang was the capital and Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty was the Jianwu year. In the second year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu ordered a comprehensive reform of the old policy carried out by Wang Mang, rectified the bureaucracy, and set up six ministers to take charge of state affairs, in order to further weaken the authority of the three fairs (Qiu, Situ, and); Abolish "official slaves"; Check the land and gradually stabilize people's lives. By the middle of 1 century, the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually recovered the strength of the former Han Dynasty after three generations of governance, namely, Emperor Guangwu (reigned in 58-76 AD) and Zhang (reigned in 76-89 AD). This period was called "the revival of Emperor Guangwu" by later generations.
In 89 AD, Emperor Gaozu Zhang ascended the throne at the age of ten, with the title of Yongyuan. Because He Di was young, the rule was entirely in the hands of Zhang Di's queen Dou Shi and younger brother Dou Xian. The autocratic power of the Dou family aroused the dissatisfaction of officials from top to bottom. In 92 AD, He Di joined forces with eunuch Zheng Zhong and others to destroy Dou's family, and Zheng Zhong was sealed for his merits. Since then, eunuchs have increasingly participated in the political rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In addition, eunuchs have always been favored by the imperial capitals of the Han Dynasty, and their rights reached an unbounded level during the period of Huan (132- 167) and Ling (168- 189).
In A.D. 189, Emperor Ling died and He Taihou came to Korea. At that time, the eunuch in the palace was authoritarian, and Dong Zhuo of Liangzhou led the troops into Luo, deposed Bian, killed He Taihou, and made Liu Xie emperor, offering the emperor to Han. In fact, Xian Di did not have any rights after he acceded to the throne. Dong Zhuo monopolized the power and was cruel and overbearing, which made local officials have some resistance in dispatching troops, gradually forming a separatist situation, and the unified dynasty actually ceased to exist. Later Xian Di was controlled by Cao Cao; In 220 AD, Cao Cao's second son, Cao Pi, forced Xian Di to abdicate, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was declared dead, which was followed by another long-term division in the history of China-the Three Kingdoms period. .
The Eastern Han Dynasty followed many principles and policies of the Western Han Dynasty, and made adjustments and reforms in some aspects to make it more suitable for the social situation at that time. In the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the regime further strengthened its integration with local forces, which made the country tend to be stable and surpassed the level of the Western Han Dynasty in economy, culture, science and technology. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun reformed the paper-making technology on the basis of predecessors, which made China's writing record way out of the era of using bamboo slips. At the same time, papermaking, as one of the well-known four great inventions of ancient china, has been passed down to this day. Another contribution of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the later generations was the development of ceramic industry, which made China get rid of the material bondage of the Bronze Age completely and brought some items that were previously only owned by the rich and nobles into the homes of ordinary people.
In natural science, the academic circles of the Eastern Han Dynasty, represented by Zhang Heng, made great achievements. However, Zhang Heng made scientific instruments such as "armillary sphere" and "seismograph" with superb technology, and the principles of making these instruments are still widely used today. In addition, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the first surgeon to perform surgical treatment on anesthesia patients since records began, and his "Five-Animal Play" was the first set of gymnastics fitness activities in China.
By the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy and painting were not only used as characters and graphic symbols, but also their artistic status was gradually revealed. Although the number of artworks handed down in the Eastern Han Dynasty is small, we can still get a glimpse of China culture.
The Eastern Han Dynasty lasted for twelve emperors, and in 95 * * *.
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) included the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, and its military system began to develop from the Qin Dynasty. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the policy of "sharing interest with the people" was implemented, and the burden of ordinary soldiers was relatively reduced. The military system of the Qin Dynasty maintained a high degree of centralization and unification. During the period of Emperor Wu, the "Han Dynasty" dominated the "foreign dynasty", weakened the princes of the kingdom and strengthened the control of military power; In the process of frequent use of troops, the structure of the army and the recruitment of soldiers are constantly changing, and cavalry has become an important arm. The recruitment system has been gradually implemented. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the county army was abolished and all examination systems were abolished. The conscription system was gradually replaced by the conscription system, which weakened the national military strength. In the later period, the local grazing rights were strengthened, and in the process of suppressing the peasant uprising, large and small armed groups rose out of order, leading to the country's division again.
The military leadership system in the early Han Dynasty adopted the system of "three public officials and nine ministers". In the three fairs, the prime minister assisted the emperor in handling world affairs; Qiu is the highest Wu Zhi, in charge of military affairs, and is the advisor of Emperor Fu, but he cannot have the power of military orders, and the imperial doctor is in charge of the world with the assistance of the Prime Minister. In the Nine Qing Dynasties, Guang Luxun (the doctor) was in charge of all the guards, Wei Wei was in charge of the guards, the lieutenant (Jin Wu) was in charge of the death of the lieutenant, and * * * was also in charge of the public security in the Palace and Shi Jing. The prominent military commanders are generals, generals on horseback, generals in chariots, generals in guards and generals of various names, all of whom are responsible for conquering. When Emperor Wu became emperor, he weakened the power of the "foreign dynasty" headed by the prime minister and suspended his official duties. Improve the status and make Fu a general. General Sima and General Sima A title of generals in ancient times participated in court secrets, usually participated in decision-making and handling military affairs, and commanded troops to go out in wartime. In the later period, Sangong was changed to be the highest administrative chief, and Fu was in charge of military and political affairs, ranking above Da Situ (Prime Minister's reform) and Da Shi (Imperial Reform). In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fuxi was called Taiwei and the military and political chief. In fact, the central task of the prime minister's country's military and political affairs and the direct control of the army are the secretary team of the emperor. After the middle period, consorts, as generals, manipulated the political affairs and controlled the military power, and became the highest military and political chief of the imperial court, which was called "the four houses" together with Sangong. In addition, the Han dynasty followed the ancient military supervision system, and sent more officials and personal attendants (such as Dr. Tai Zhong and X) to supervise the army. Where there is a great war, the emperor will give a swamp, and on the basis of the tiger symbol or "symbol" and "festival", he will recruit troops from all over the country to go out; Choose the commander-in-chief of the whole army and generals from all walks of life, with generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariots and horses, generals in Wei, etc. The general opened the government, set up a staff officer and formed a command organization. After the reign of Emperor Wudi, he set up a general and his shogunate for a long time, commanded operations in wartime, and participated in state affairs at ordinary times, with great real power.
At the local level, the counties and countries of the Han Dynasty were in parallel. The county magistrate is the highest local military and political chief, assisted by a captain, who is responsible for the recruitment, training, assessment and review of soldiers, maintaining public order, leading troops to fight, and the manufacture and management of weapons and equipment. There are counties under the county, and the county magistrate (chief) is also in charge of the military and civilians. The county commandant was appointed as an assistant to the military department, in charge of public security. In the vassal States parallel to the county, Xiang was the chief administrative officer and was also in charge of the military: Lieutenant Lang and Wei Wei of the vassal States were responsible for guarding the palace and safeguarding national security. There are grass-roots organizations such as townships and pavilions below the county level, each with its own officials, who are also responsible for organizing local official training and military and political affairs such as public security, postal services, household registration and military service. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a surname was dismissed and his position was incorporated into the prefect. The state (department) used to be the supervision department, but now it has gradually evolved into an administrative unit at or above the county level. The state secretariat is in charge of civil affairs, while military forces are controlled from the outside, and the power of local officials is expanding. After the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, there were frequent wars. The secretariat and the county magistrate not only had the right to take soldiers, but also had the right to recruit soldiers, sowing the seeds of separatism.
The military service system in Han Dynasty has an obvious evolution process. In the early Han Dynasty, the Qin system was adopted and the conscription system was implemented. During the reign of Emperor Wendi, normal recruitment and distribution could not meet the needs of border defense. Chao Cuo suggested that Mo Min strengthen the border, so that the people stationed in the border counties can be integrated with the troops stationed. During the Liang Wudi period, land annexation became more and more serious, and a large number of small farmers went bankrupt and went into exile. Most houses in Gong Hao have the privilege of exemption from military service, and wars are frequent. The effective conscription system in the past can't work normally and can't meet the needs of war. So the conscription system was also adopted. In addition, soldiers, slave soldiers and minority soldiers are also widely used. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu reformed the military system, abolished the rotation system of regular soldiers in counties and counties, and mainly recruited soldiers.
Min registered at the age of 17 in the early Han Dynasty and became an active serviceman with military service obligations, which was called "Zheng". He began to serve at the age of 20 or 23. Apply in turn and serve in active service for two years. One year as a materials officer or knight in this county, shipbuilding; Go to the capital to be a guard for a year, or go to the border counties to serve as pawns (when it comes to being a material officer, knight or boat in this county, it is a pawn; The service nature of guards and electronic pawns is the same, they are not regular pawns. The former is military service, the latter is shake service). When not in service, he is a reservist. In case of war, he must apply at any time until he is 60 or 56. Exemption from service within the service life can be divided into rehabilitation (I am exempt from service) and summer family (family exemption). Men who have a certain length of military service, seniority and title, have raised or donated a certain number of military horses or grain and coins, descendants of heroes, scholars and the elderly who are favored by the imperial court, and whose height is below the specified size (6.2 feet to death) can be exempted from military service.
Emperor Wu began to recruit. Han people and ethnic minorities who are familiar with Hu and Yue are recruiting for the first time, and they will no longer be relieved on schedule. Since then, the four sides have something to do, and they often recruit soldiers for conquering. Most of the recipients are farmers and refugees, and a small number are officials or people who have committed crimes and are exempted from punishment, as well as slaves who have been freed. There is also conscription, that is, selecting "tough men" with good health, courage and excellent skills to join the army. Sometimes, when conscription is insufficient, prisoners are sent to serve as soldiers (exiles) and the "seven subjects" are implemented, that is, guilty officials, undocumented people, husbands and businessmen (including former businessmen or their parents and grandparents) are sent to serve as soldiers. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, slaves were recruited as soldiers to prevent the Huns.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system became the main method of conscription, and it was finally abolished. As a result of the prevalence of conscription system, the state used money to recruit soldiers, which increased the financial burden; A group of farmers have left the land for a long time, which affects the development of agricultural production; The personal attachment of recruits to generals has become a private part, which has caused the expansion of local forces and facilitated the formation of warlords.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system became the main method of conscription, and it was finally abolished. As a result of the prevalence of conscription system, the state used money to recruit soldiers, which increased the financial burden; A group of farmers have left the land for a long time, which affects the development of agricultural production; The personal attachment of recruits to generals has become a private part, which has caused the expansion of local forces and facilitated the formation of warlords.
Military training system The Western Han Dynasty emphasized that "non-priests should not follow the levy" (Book of Han Wu Zi Xi), which not only paid attention to the training according to local conditions and different arms, but also insisted on the system of regular review, assessment and every trip (big review). That is, every autumn, a grand sacrifice ceremony is held in the capital, and military attache and soldiers practice array together. In the county, the prefect, a captain, a county magistrate and a county captain organize material officers, knights and ships to compete, assess military skills such as archery, horseback riding and navigation, and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Those who were punished also conducted military exercises in the form of hunting. At the border, Wan Qi, led by the Taishou, inspected the defense situation, and implemented the autumn shooting system at the frontier fortress to assess the archery of the officers and men waiting for the army. Those who passed the test were rewarded, but those who were unlucky were punished. The training content is mainly archery with Zhang crossbow, and it also integrates martial arts and skills such as corner arrival (jumping), hand fighting (boxing) and cuju (ancient football). Trial system of abandoned capital in eastern han dynasty. After the mid-term, various training systems were abandoned, and local soldiers and Beijing normal soldiers had no training, and their combat effectiveness decreased significantly.
Weapons and equipment are tools of war, and they are also important factors that determine the outcome of war. On the basis of the "five soldiers" in the pre-Qin period, the types of weapons in the Han Dynasty have made new development, and the weapons used by non-commissioned officers are already diverse. Long weapons are Shu, Ge, spear and halberd; Short weapons include knives and swords; Remote weapons include crossbows and bows; Protective weapons include armor and shields; Offensive and defensive weapons hook. In addition, there are weapons such as hammers, hammers, sticks, cymbals and axes. Among all kinds of weapons, the proportion of iron weapons is increasing. The bows, spears, halberds, shields and spears listed by Chao Cuo in the early Han Dynasty were mostly high-quality iron weapons. In recent years, most of the weapons unearthed in Chang 'an armory are made of iron, except for a few that are still made of bronze. Knives, swords, halberds, spears, axes, bones and armour are all available, and the number of shovels alone exceeds 1000.
The weapons in the Han army are not only various, but also of high quality, far exceeding the Huns. As CuCuO said, the good weapons of the Han army are all used in the battle, such as "the bow of the Xiongnu can be used as a standard", "the soldiers of the Xiongnu can be used as pawns", "the recommendation of the Xiongnu can be used as a support" and "this is China's long skill".
The excellent weapons of the Han army are made by many systems and departments. Work trial order is one of the main departments of central weapon manufacturing in the Western Han Dynasty. "The examination worker is the official of the Shaofu, and the main instrument". "Take an examination of one person, six hundred stone. The main weapons are bows, crossbows, knives and armor. If you succeed, you will enter Arsenal through Jin Wu "; In addition to examinations, Fang Shangling in the Western Han Dynasty also made weapons. Today's history books record: "Handmade palm is a good weapon for imperial sword." "Han Yanshou Biography" records: "In order to prolong life, take official bronzes, cast them into sword hooks for lunar eclipse, and put them (imitated) for effect." In addition, "Historical Records of the Duke of Jiang Zhou Bojia" contains: "The Duke of Jiang bought a job for his father, and after 500 quilts, he can be buried." Sima Zhen's "Yin Su" said: "Officials are official jobs, crops are official, and officials are official."
In the Han dynasty, the local department that made weapons was the Ministry of Industry. Geography: There are workers in Henan, Nanyang, Jinan, Taishan, Yingchuan, Hanoi, Shu and Guanghan. Xu Tianlin Press: Although the worker is in another county, the equipment he made was actually lost to the capital. Therefore, Liang Wudi's border forces were insufficient, so it sent officers and men from the armory to support it. "Notes on Things in the Han and Tang Dynasties" Volume VI also said: "In the Han Dynasty, from the county to the capital, it was well-equipped. There were soldiers or workers in the county, and the workers were all located in the iron-producing county. "It can be seen that the iron-producing counties and counties in the Han Dynasty have set up institutions to manufacture weapons.
The armory of the Western Han Dynasty is not only responsible for the storage of weapons, but also has the function of weapon production. Jin Wu's next official has an order for an armory, which is the "main weapon". The main weapons here should also include the manufacture of weapons. Although some weapons manufacturing institutions in the Western Han Dynasty were located in the capital and some in local areas, all weapons were hidden in the armory. From this point of view, the weapons production right in the Western Han Dynasty was directly controlled by the state. There should be a unified plan for the specifications, quality and quantity of weapons production.
The armory was the main storage department of weapons and equipment in the Western Han Dynasty. In order to make the weapons and equipment reach the sergeant in time, the Western Han Dynasty established a multi-level armory network from the central to the local. The central armory includes Chang 'an armory, and the local county armories include Luoyang, Henan, Shang Jun, Yingchuan, Guanghan, Yang Shan, Beihai and Xu Anqi armories, as well as Zhangye, Jiuquan, Yuyang and Shangdang armories. Yangling, Juyan, Shangxian and Wulao all have county-level arsenals. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national arsenal increased greatly, and most of the border guards and generals shogunate had no arsenal.
The armory in Han Dynasty was huge. It is located in Chang 'an armory between Chang 'an Changle and Yang Mo Palace, surrounded by tall walls. Archaeology has confirmed that it is 7 10/0m long from east to west, 332m wide from north to south, with a wall thickness of1.5m and a total area of 230,000 square meters. Seven warehouses were found in the armory. Each warehouse stores different types of weapons, some store armor, some store bows and arrows and cluster arrows. The armory was built in the early Han Dynasty and was always used in the Western Han Dynasty. The local arsenal is also quite large. In the event of war, these arsenal networks can provide equipment for tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of troops in time.
The Western Han Dynasty attached great importance to the management of weapons and equipment. Officials in charge of the armory, such as the armory commander (commander) and the armory director, are generally held by the emperor's cronies. The armory has a strict book registration system. As can be seen from the bamboo slips of Juyan, the variety, quantity and access of weapons and equipment stored at that time were registered in detail, and the register was called "artifact book". In order to ensure the safety of the arsenal, there are "Kubing" on duty day and night, called "Magistrate". In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Dan, the prince of Yan, said to his ministers, "I rely on my late emperor Xiu De,
He was appointed as a northern warlord, personally accepted by Akinuma, held an official position, led the library soldiers, and held important positions. When the Prince of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was forced to start an army to frame Jiang Chong, he made a "bridge (correction) system to pardon the prisoners of officials in Chang 'an Zhongdu and send troops to the armory", which showed that only the emperor set up a swamp could he use armory weapons, and the distribution of armory weapons was very strict. The emperor's control over the armory not only reflects the strict management and use of weapons and equipment in the Western Han Dynasty, but also reflects the high concentration of military power under the autocratic centralized system.
Weapons management The weapons in the Han Dynasty were mainly steel weapons. The central government is in charge of national weapons production by invigilators affiliated to Shaofu. There are workers and iron officials in counties with relatively developed iron smelting industry, who are responsible for manufacturing weapons and transporting them to Beijing. There are arsenals in Chang 'an, Luoyang and other counties, which are now responsible for the custody and distribution of weapons.
The army consists of three parts: capital soldiers, county soldiers and border guards. The combination of the three constitutes the whole army.
The capital soldiers are the Central Army. Many scholars have always believed that the soldiers in the capital of the early Han Dynasty mainly refer to the north and south armies, named after their headquarters in the north and south of Chang 'an. The main task of the Confederate army is to defend the imperial court, and its members are divided into the Guards and the Langguan (there are two common sayings about the composition of the Confederate army: one is that the Confederate army is the Guards led by Dao Wei, and the other is that the Confederate army only refers to the Langguan led by Langzhongling). The Guards are regular soldiers who serve in counties in turn, led by Wei Wei; Lang Guan is composed of children of senior officials and learned people, and is under Lang's command. The main task of the North Army is to guard Chang 'an and Gyeonggi areas. Soldiers are transferred to three auxiliary soldiers and replaced every year. At first, they were under the command of a lieutenant. In an extraordinary period, the northern and southern armies were all under the command of the emperor. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Southern Army added Qimen, Yulin and Yulin orphans; Zhong Lei, Tunqi, Infantry, Qi Yue, Changshui, Hu Qi, Shesheng and Hu Fen were added to the Beiyang Army, and they were stationed inside and outside Beijing. Thus, the northern and southern armies expanded into an important military force that the emperor personally learned to master. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it formally followed the North-South Army system, but it was no longer called the South Army. Guang Luxun (later renamed Lang) was in charge of seven Langguan departments, and Wei Wei was in charge of the palace guards. The Union Army was divided into two parts: one was headed by Jin Wu (the lieutenant was renamed); A (main force) is divided into five captains (Tunqi, Yueqi, Infantry, Changshui and Shooting) and supervised by one person. When Lingdi joined the soldiers of the Eighth School of Xiyuan. Soldiers of the Imperial Capital in the Han Dynasty were the elite of its army, mainly responsible for defending the Imperial Capital in Suwei Palace. According to its task, it can be divided into three systems: ① the provincial government prohibits health. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Langguan was appointed as an official by Langzhong Ling. Langguan is divided into: a corps commander, a corps commander's assistant, a corps commander, children of senior officials who entered the official career after refusing military service, people with outstanding academic achievements and people with certain specialties. The main attendants guarded the emperor, guarded the gate of the provincial capital, and prepared the emperor's advisers and dispatches, which were well paid. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Langzhong was changed to Guangluxun. In order to strengthen the guards and attendants, he successively set up the city gate (later changed to Hu Benlang), the badminton forest (formerly known as Zhang Jian Qi Ying) and the badminton cup orphan, serving as the main force of the provincial temple guards and soldiers. Qimen and Yulin are selected from the children of good families who can ride and shoot in six counties in northwest China. The orphans in Yulin are composed of orphans of soldiers who died in battle. They all have long service and high status. ② Miyagi guards. Under the command of Wei Wei, he is responsible for the outer door of Solvay Hall, patrolling and guarding the palace, and protecting the safety of the palace behind the emperor, queen mother, queen mother and prince and the central palace. The guards are regular soldiers who take turns returning to Beijing. Each term is one year, and you will return to China after the expiration. (3) Stationing troops in the capital. The task is to mobilize the capital and maintain public order in the capital and Feng Jingen. Generally, it includes three troops: one is the North and South Army. In the early Han Dynasty, the main troops stationed in the capital were usually led by generals, generals Wei or Chen Jia. For example, Lv Hou took Lv Lu as the general and led the northern army; Take Lu Chan as the prime minister and lead the confederate army; In the first year of Zhangdi (BC 179), Lu Weiwei, the general of the Song Dynasty, lived in the northern and southern armies (the history of Emperor Wen of Chinese). In the second year, Wendi stopped defending the general's army. At this point, the establishment of the coexistence of the North and South armies did not exist in summer. At the beginning of Liang Wudi, the northern army organization was restored, and the northern army was expanded into the eighth school soldier of the northern army, namely Zhong Lei, Tunqi, Infantry, Qi Yue, Changshui, Hu Qi, Shesheng and Hu Ben. A captain in Zhong Lei is in charge of daily affairs, and another supervisor is sent to supervise. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, eight schools were merged into five battalions (Cheqi, Yueqi, Infantry, Changshui and Sheyin), and a supervisor was placed in the northern army, which aggravated the garrison and combat tasks. The second is a lieutenant. Commanded by a lieutenant (later renamed Zhi Jinwu). Mainly responsible for public security in the capital and maintaining public order; When Tutti went out on patrol, he was accompanied by guards and attendants. The third is to station troops at the city gate. When it was established in Liang Wudi, it was headed by a captain at the city gate, and its members included consorts and modern ministers. Sima and the twelve gates are waiting, and the troops are guarding the twelve gates in Chang 'an. Along the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Twelve Gates of Luoyang also set up gates to station troops, and the number of soldiers decreased slightly. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, foreign forces and eunuchs supported the army and became independent. After General He Jin, the consort, entered the Fifth Battalion of the Northern Army in the drought, the late gate and the feather forest, the eunuch group raised Ding Zhuang, both capital city, and established the eighth captain army of Xiyuan. There is a captain at the head of each team, who is always under the command of the captain of the upper army, thus forming a situation in which eunuchs divide their troops in Beijing.
County soldiers are local soldiers. In the early Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu ordered all counties and countries to select brave and powerful people, and all counties and countries had their own posts according to local conditions. Usually participate in military training.
References:
Baidu (the world's largest Chinese search engine)