Old artists have different opinions about the origin of Shaanxi Opera. It is said that Zhou Pu Bangzi developed northward, and in order to meet the appreciation requirements of audiences in Jinzhong area, it gradually formed the Middle Road Bangzi. It is said that Jin Opera and Hokuriku Bangzi were originally a kind of drama, but later they were gradually localized in Jinzhong, and then separated from Hokuriku Bangzi and became independent dramas. There is also a saying that it was formed on the basis of folk arts such as Qitai Yangko in Jinzhong, and absorbed the artistic nutrition of Pu Opera and Hokuriku Bangzi. There is some truth in all of the above, but judging from the fact that the early classes in Jinzhong invited Zhou Pu artists and Zhou Pu artists to teach opera as teachers, and the pronunciation of opera was based on "Bai Pu" (Jinnan dialect), it is generally believed that Zhonglu Bangzi evolved from Zhou Pu Bangzi. In the process of evolution, artists absorbed and melted the timbre and percussion instruments of Qitai Yangko and Xiaofenganban Yangko, changed their pronunciation, singing and performance, and formed their own high-pitched, intense, fresh and euphemistic style. As early as before the formation of Jin Opera, there were records of "Bingzhou Opera" and "Three Cases Opera" in Jinzhong area. By the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1862- 1874), the road bangzi had become very popular. After Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (185 1- 1874), the banks in Jinzhong prospered, and the development of Zhonglu Bangzi also entered a new period of prosperity. There have been many famous class associations and actors. Many tycoons who love traditional Chinese opera have invited famous artists to form a powerful "font class". Some literati also took part in traditional opera activities, such as the "font class" in North Back Street of Taiyuan. An art group that studies Jin Opera. Folk singing activities such as "one vote" and "one seat" are more frequent. There are many folk games to greet the gods in Jinzhong Plain and East-West Mountain Area, such as Dongyue Emperor Temple Fair on March 28th, Grandma Temple Fair on April 8th and Guandi Temple Fair on May13rd. These temple fairs will sing opera and worship God on the same day. In addition, in the first month, the world sang "population drama" and the grain store sang "Tim Cang drama"; In April and July, Longwang Temple will sing "Rain Play", and folk will sing "Soothing Play" when praying for rain. 1937 after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese invaders invaded Taiyuan and Jinzhong counties, and the bangzi in Zhonglu was severely damaged, and the class clubs were dissolved one after another, and artists fled everywhere. After 1939, three drama clubs, namely July, People and Lvliang, were established in the Jinsui Border Region under the leadership of China's * * * Production Party. In the war environment, a large number of Jin opera talents have been trained and many new dramas have been compiled. During this period, in addition to transplanting and performing Forced Prostitution and Sanda Zhujiazhuang, he also directed a costume drama with Yue Fei's murder as the theme and a modern drama Xintunbao, which showed the deeds of model workers in the border areas. After the founding of New China, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places have set up many Jin Opera performance groups, compiled and created a number of traditional and modern plays, and trained a large number of young and middle-aged actors. e
The characteristics of Jin Opera are euphemistic, smooth, graceful, mellow, cordial and clear, with strong local flavor and unique style in Jinzhong. In the past, Jin opera was sung purely by actors, usually with the f key as the background; Later, it gradually developed into actor-led, and changed to G key. In addition to the falsetto singing of Er Yin Zi, there are seven kinds of random playing: Ping with a beat of 4 /4 (also called "four eyes"); Splint 2 /4 beat; Duality is 1/4 beats; The running water is 1 /4 beats; In addition, there are intermediary boards, reverse boards, white rolling and so on. There are many changes on each plate. For example, there are big running water, small running water, tight running water, slow running water and second running water on the running water board. In addition, there are many flower cavities, such as three-flower cavity, five-flower cavity, horse-walking cavity, three-inverted cavity and inverted cavity. Jin opera attaches great importance to the artistic characteristics of singing, and often adopts the way of duet and rotation of more than two people. For example, "Serving the Country with Loyalty" traces the past stories and communicates the present feelings through singing with a big face and a solemn voice. In round singing, a sex board suitable for narration is often used, and the melody is lengthened. Walking on the Snow Mountain is based on the duet between the old man and Tsing Yi, which tells the story that the old man saved the girl and fled in a hurry after the disaster in Cao Fu. First, the duet with the intermediary board shows the embarrassing state when the master and servant leave the tiger's mouth; Secondly, the singing method of rotation between the two sexes, tracing persecution, the decline of male voice, the resurgence of female voice, and the alternation of singing methods have a unique charm. There are also long solos in Jin Opera. This kind of solo usually uses slow stacking board; For example, the solo arias of Kongming, Qin Xianglian and Shen Hou in the empty city plan, when seeing the queen, hit the golden branch, there was no sound of gongs and drums, and the melody was like dew drizzle, dripping into the ground. In the singing of Jin Opera, there are also singing groups composed of flat plate, splint, hermaphrodite and flowing water. Generally used for memory, confession, thinking, etc. Rolling white is used to express sobbing and extreme sadness. From the door to the singing, it has great appeal. For example, in Lu Hua, Min Deren's two flashes are often sung by actors with tears and listened to by the audience with tears. In the past, the martial arts field of Jin Opera was composed of nine people, known as the "Nine-Handed Opera", that is, drums (conductors), cymbals, ma gongs, small gongs, bangzi, Hu-sucking, three-stringed, two-stringed and four-stringed. Sometimes the accompaniment needs hinges, and the player who plays the four strings will do it for you. When suona accompaniment is needed, it is played by people who play the three-stringed and two-stringed instruments. Wenchang Musical Instrument, Tribe Tiger is a alto musical instrument, also known as "Huluzi". Coconut shell, larger than banhu shell, is shaped like a chicken heart, and its mouth surface diameter is about 12- 13cm, which is glued together with paulownia panels. The main landing gear is made of hardwood and 70 cm long. There is a waist size, fixed in the middle of the file. The yard at the bottom is placed on one fifth of the surface of paulownia. Horsetail bamboo bow, with soft sound quality, resembles baritone voice cavity. Huhula theme, accompanied by two strings, three strings and four strings. The artist said, "Hu Hu, three strings are muscles, two strings are bones, and four strings are tendons." He added: "Call Hu Li's pole, put a plug on the second string, the third string fills the cave, and the fourth string holds a ruler and sets the tone." Machong, a percussion instrument, is heavy and big, with a diameter of 55cm and a thickness of about 1cm, and its sound is steady. At present, the horsemen with the character "six" are widely used, which is in harmony with the sound of the string "sl", so it is useful to have the traditional habit of horsemen to set the tone. Jin Opera has many strings. There are also [embroidered purse] and the like to show a happy mood. There are also [Sun God Needle] and other expressions of distress, such as killing chickens and soothing mistletoe. These qupai can be used alone or in combination. For example, the music of "Noisy Palace" in "Playing Golden Branches" and "Gathering Wood" in "Spring and Autumn Match" is an ensemble composed of several tunes. There are also many suona qupai, such as "opening the door drum" and "sitting on the account", which can render the grand and solemn atmosphere when the marshal raises the account. The antithetical dance used in "The Battle of Wancheng" has the momentum of attacking Ma Benteng with thousands of troops. There are about forty or fifty kinds of percussion gongs and drums. Such as "hard three hammers", "five hammers", "three flippers", "outpost warfare", "war monster", "sea sand", "Beetle", "hat head", "turn around" and so on. When used, it can be selected according to the needs of plot development. For example, "Boring Field" (commonly known as rubbing the stomach) can match the movements and shouting rhythms of the characters. Gao Huaide played in "Cut the Yellow Robe", Zhao Yun played in "Back to Jingzhou", and after Zhang Fei reprimanded Zhao Yun in Longbanpo, they all used this drum beat to set off the characters' irritability and anxiety. Zhong Bangzi sometimes uses [seven hammers] to connect strings before four-legged eyes, splints and bisexual people sing, and when necessary, he uses [Liao Zi] to whip or "connect the door" in coordination with the actions of the people in the play. Song Jiang killed Yan Poxi in "Sitting on a Building and Killing Cherish". When searching her Liangshan letters, he accompanied her in a "small battle", effectively rendering her trembling and extremely nervous state. Rh{auO
In Jin opera, there are three traditional behaviors: red, black, life, Dan and ugliness. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Jin Opera has formed five main lines and fifteen minor lines. The five elements refer to: red (beard), black (painting), health, Dan and ugliness. The 15th Line refers to Zheng Hong, Laosheng (both Zheng Hong and Dahei), Dahei, Erhei, Wusheng, Doll Sheng, (Tsing Yi), Xiao Dan, Lao Dan, Cai Dan, wudan, Peking Opera Blues, Wen Chou and Wuchou. In Qing Dynasty, the foot color business of Zhongbei Road Bangzi was almost the same as that of Zhou Pu Bangzi, and then it gradually developed and changed. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Zhongbei Road had five main lines and fifteen branch lines. Five elements: red (bearded), black (painted), healthy, Dan and ugly. 15 Line: Zheng Hong, Laosheng (both in Zheng Hong and Dahei), Dahei, Erhei, Xiao Sheng, Wusheng, Doll Sheng, Zheng Dan (Tsing Yi), Xiao Dan, Lao Dan, Cai Dan, wudan, Beijing Opera Blues, Ugly Writing and Ugly Writing. According to the actor's skill level and the degree of influence among the masses, the foot color business of Shanxi opera can be divided into three categories: headdress (also known as the first way and the first card), two sets (the second way and the second card) and piecemeal. The main role in the headgear play, the second set of second-class roles, should be mixed. "Butterfly Cup" is convenient, Tian Yunshan is wearing a beard, and Hu Yan is the second set, playing Tian Ming in bits and pieces. Hu Zisheng is the most important business in the foot color business of Shanxi Opera. Generally, the troupe takes him as an actor, so he is called a leader. He earns the highest "play" (that is, salary) in the troupe. Bearded students can be divided into black beard students, old students and red students, and most of them play decent roles among middle-aged and elderly people. Wear three strands (Guan Yu is five strands), and the mouth is its main symbol. The general public and actors are used to calling Hu Zisheng a red star. Among the four great bangzi, Hu Zisheng's actor took "red" as his stage name. With a black beard (usually black beard), Hu Zisheng is called Black Hu Sheng, ranking first among bearded students, and often plays middle-aged men with status such as emperors, generals and officials. Bearded actors must have excellent singing skills and solid skills and martial arts. In addition, we must master such difficult skills as sharp skills, mouth-to-mouth skills, hat wing skills, amplitude skills, boots skills, whip skills, etc. Singing, acting and acting should all be affordable. Being able to sing, doing or not singing can't be called a good style. Can only be considered a sub-actor, not qualified to choose a class. In singing, it is characterized by clear articulation, vigorous spouting, slow illness, and false voice (back bow sound). Body, kungfu frame is exquisite instrument solemn, heroic and vigorous. Because it is difficult for actors to perform, it is a tradition that the four great bangzi and bearded voices have always been performed by actors. However, in 1930s and 1940s, a group of Hu Zisheng actresses, represented by Ding Guoxian, appeared in Jin Opera, and they were called Kunqu Opera. Her "Door" is famous for its crisp voice, handsome appearance and realistic and delicate acting skills, which has won the audience's love and quickly replaced the leading position of the actor Hu Zisheng in Shanxi Opera. However, due to the limited physiological conditions of the actress Hu Zisheng, some dramas that focus on figure, kung fu and martial arts are not competent, which leads to some dramas gradually disappearing from the stage, such as going out to the hall, watching the array, going to the rooftop, and the five thunder arrays. Hu Zisheng still has old students in his career. The difference between red and green. Old students, playing the role of the elderly, are white or pale, and their performance is mainly advocating. Their main characteristics are old, dignified and simple. Hongsheng wears three locks of black and looks red, playing a brave and loyal role. Xiao Sheng: Nothing, martial arts and babies. Wen Sheng has shamao, Zi Ling, towels and poverty. Mainly plays young men. Shamao students, dressed in shamao, embroidered robes or official uniforms, play famous figures, and are required to be dignified and free and easy when performing. Ling Zisheng, with his head stuck in a cone and his tail as the main symbol, plays the role of a military commander and a man with both civil and military skills. Generally, it is played by civil and military students. Zi Ling should be the unique skill of this kind of foot. Towels are raw, shawls are worn, pleats are worn, and folding fans are held (so they are also called fans). Mainly play a romantic and elegant son, and the performance requires romance, elegance and handsomeness. Poor students, dressed in plain clothes or rich clothes, play the role of poor scholars. It is required to show the poor and ambitious facial expressions of the characters. Dolls are born to play with children. The scenes are not heavy, and most of them are performed by Tong Ling and students. Wusheng: There are two kinds: bunting and relying. Play a young man with strong martial arts. Short-handed martial arts students, wearing hats, arrows, clothes and leopard clothes, mainly perform martial arts and somersaults, while martial arts students rely on thick-soled boots, and mainly perform fighting and fighting. Play: There are mainly positive (including boudoir play), decimal point play, Lao Dan play, Cai Dan play, Wudan play and Beijing Opera blues play. Zheng Dan, also known as Da Dan and Tsing Yi, mainly plays married and decent middle-aged women. Mainly singing opera, quiet and dignified, sensible and wise, there are also some unmarried women in singing opera (the so-called "boudoir Dan"). Zheng Dan is also in charge of this work. Zheng Dan often plays with Hu Zisheng, and the weight of this play is generally heavy. Xiao Dan mainly plays young women, divided into Xiao Dan and Hua Dan. The difference between them lies in the character and performance characteristics of the characters. Xiao Dan plays a decent and naive young woman, and her performance is mainly about singing. He is famous for his liveliness, innocence and agility. Hua Dan, on the other hand, mainly works and reads white, playing a wild and provocative or coquettish and pretty young woman, with pungent and heartless as the main feature. Zheng Dan and Xiao Dan are the main businesses of Bangzi Opera, so there is a saying that "one nest of eggs (Zheng Dan and Xiao Dan) is enough to eat" and "one star anise at a time". Lao Dan plays an old woman, Cai Dan, also known as ugly girl and ugly girl, plays a funny or cunning woman, Wu Dan, and plays a brave female role. Generally, she dresses up very little, does not wear pythons, and relies on martial arts. Beijing Opera Blues General Class Club. Beijing opera blues plays many young and middle-aged women who are good at martial arts. Wearing a big figure, a seven-star forehead and a feather, singing, playing ball and dancing are all important. This kind of foot color is mostly played by actors with solid foundation, so it is also called Tao. Draw face lines: also known as clean and black heads. Divided into big painted faces and two painted faces. Play more people with special appearance, personality and quality, and mark them with facial hooks (that is, paint masks of various colors on their faces). Big face, mainly singing, reading, doing and acting, slow and steady, mainly playing people with high status, such as Bao Zheng, Cao Cao and Xu. There are three kinds of faces: white face, black face, red face and clean face, which are determined by the character, quality and behavior of the characters. Such as Bao Zheng's black face, to show the impartiality of law enforcement; Cao Cao and Pan Shiyi, because of their treachery, are ruthless and have a white chest; Guan Yu played with his face to show his loyalty and strength. There used to be a saying that "Hualian doesn't choose courses", but some actors with high artistic achievements can still choose courses. For example, Qiao (Lion Black), a student of the Jin opera Hualien, has been taking this course for many years. In the past, there was a body double system (also called substitute system) in Bangzi Opera, which was caused by the shortage of cast members in the old class club. Painting Dan is usually replaced by clown actors, and some small Dan actors are also replaced. For example, Ji Meilian, an actress of Shanxi Opera, played the matchmaker Liu in Picking up the Jade Bracelet and the ugly girl in Wrong Kite, which won favorable comments from the audience. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, with the development of the times and the requirements of the audience, the establishment of the troupe was gradually expanded, and the cast members were greatly increased. Drama schools and training courses also pay attention to training Lao Dan actors. Except for a few troupes, most of them are performed by special people. However, the transportation system with doll sheng has continued to this day.