Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. In addition to the Han nationality, there are 25 ethnic minorities in the world with a population of over 6,000. Among them, 15 ethnic groups are endemic to Yunnan, and their population accounts for more than 80% of the total population of this ethnic group in China. ?
At the end of 20 15, the population of ethnic minorities in the province reached158.33 million, accounting for 33.4% of the total population in the province. It is one of the three provinces where the minority population exceeds10 million.
There are 6 ethnic minorities in the province, with a population of 1 10,000. More than 6,543,800+million, 9 less than 6,543,800+million; Eight of them are more than 1 10,000 and less than 1 10,000; More than 6000 but less than 1 000. The ethnic minorities in Yunnan are distributed in a staggered way, showing mixed residence and small settlements. Yi and Hui nationalities are distributed in most counties of the province.
The following is an introduction of some ethnic groups in Yunnan Province:
1, Han
There are about 30.629 million Han people in Yunnan, which are the main ethnic groups in Yunnan and spread all over the province. In the pre-Qin period, there were records of the activities of Han ancestors in Yunnan. In the Ming Dynasty, from the Hongwu period, Yunnan vigorously promoted the farming system, and the Han population began to surpass the indigenous minority population and became the main ethnic group in Yunnan.
Generally speaking, the immigrants in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty mainly came from Shaanxi, Sichuan, Huguang, Jiangxi and Nanjing. Yunnan Chinese dialect belongs to the northern dialect in general. It is divided into four regions: central Yunnan, western Yunnan, northeastern Yunnan and southern Yunnan. The Chinese dialects in the four regions not only maintain the similarity of Chinese, but also have their own characteristics.
2. Yi people
There are about 5.028 million Yi people in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Chuxiong, Honghe, Yuxi, Dali, Pu 'er and Kunming. Yunnan is the province with the largest number of Yi branches. The main branches are Sunuo, Nasu, Niesu, Lolo, Lalu, Sani, Ashi, Azhe, Pu Ge, Pula, Lesu and Taru. Yi language belongs to the Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, with 6 dialects and 25 dialects.
Yi people have their own national script, which is a super-dialect syllable script. Historically, the Yi ancestors wrote many works on history, religion, literature, astronomy, medicine and so on in Yi language, leaving a large number of cliff stone carvings and epigraphy documents. He created the solar calendars of 10 month and 1 year, and there are the Book of Changes such as the calendar, the zodiac calendar and the solar calendar.
Su Qishu is a Yi Pharmacopoeia, which is 12 years earlier than Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty. Qu developed the famous "Yunnan Baiyao" according to the ancestral secret recipe. Yi religion belongs to primitive religion and believes in animism. June 24th or 25th of the lunar calendar is the most common and grand festival of the Yi people-"Torch Festival".
3. Hani nationality
Hani is one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan, with a population of about 6.5438+0.63 million, mainly distributed in Honghe Prefecture, Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Pu 'er City and Yuxi City. Hani language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is divided into three dialects: Haya, Bika and Bai Hao. The Hani nationality has a set of systematic ecological ethics, and its core theme is natural centralism.
Immigrant history and terraced rice cultivation are the two foundations for the germination, growth and establishment of Hani culture. Yuanyang Hani Terrace is also a provincial scenic spot. The festivals of the Hani nationality can be roughly divided into three types, and the representative festivals are Zallet (October), Angmatu (offering sacrifices to the gods) and Kuzaza (June Festival).
4. Bai nationality
Bai nationality is one of the endemic nationalities in Yunnan, with about 15 10000 people, mainly distributed in Dali prefecture. Bai language belongs to the Bai language branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Nearly 60% of the vocabulary is borrowed from Chinese, and most people are familiar with Chinese. The Bai nationality's economy is dominated by agriculture, with relatively developed handicrafts and commerce, and its production level is basically the same as that of the surrounding Han nationality.
The level of science, culture and art is high, and it has its own characteristics and creations in metallurgy, architecture, medicine, history, literature, music, dance, drama, painting, sculpture, calendar and water conservancy. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, Nanzhao national historical picture scroll, Zhang Dali picture scroll and Jianchuan Grottoes stone carvings are famous at home and abroad.
Artists are generally "eight bowls". "Three teas" is an important etiquette of the Bai people and is often used to receive distinguished guests. Bai folk houses with "one side and one corridor", "two sides and one ear", "three sides and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios" are unique. Bai people mainly believe in Buddhism and their own unique gods, while others believe in Taoism and primitive religion.
5. Dai people
Dai is one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan, with a population of about 6.5438+0.22 million, mainly distributed in Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Pu 'er and Lincang. Dai language belongs to Zhuang-Dai language branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Dai is a phonetic alphabet, commonly known as Xishuangbanna Dai and Dehong Dai.
Dai people generally believe in Hinayana Buddhism (also known as Southern Buddhism) and primitive religion. The opening day and the closing day are two important religious festivals, which are held on September 15 (around July in Gregorian calendar) and1February 15 (around Gregorian calendar 10) respectively.
The most important traditional festival is the Songkran Festival in June of Dai calendar (around April of Gregorian calendar). During the festival, there will be activities such as bathing Buddha, losing bags, flying high and dragon boat racing. The basic characteristics of Dai culture are: rice cultivation, skilled shipbuilding technology, metallurgical technology, textile and pottery making, dry fence construction, tattoo and tooth decoration. Rice culture is the core of Dai culture.
6. Zhuang nationality
There are about 1, 2 1.5 million Zhuang people in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Wenshan, Honghe and Qujing. Zhuang language belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Zhuang nationality originated from the ancient Yue people in the south of China. In terms of living customs, the Zhuang nationality has always retained the habit of tattooing by the ancient Vietnamese.
Zhuang people have their own festivals with national characteristics, such as "nursing home", "beating wooden pants", celebrating the festival, Dragon Boat Festival, "rushing to the flower street" and so on. During the "Flower Street", young men and women dressed up and girls used hydrangeas to convey their love.
7. Miao nationality
There are about 6.5438+0.202 million Miao people in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Wenshan, Honghe and Zhaotong. Miao language belongs to the branch of Miao Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Miao people first moved to Yunnan in the Tang Dynasty, and moved in large numbers after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The annual Huashan Festival is a traditional Miao festival. On the day of setting foot on Huashan Mountain, the people who came to participate in the activity were first toasted and blessed by the "flower head", and then the Huashan Festival was announced, and the drums and gongs rang out at the Huashan venue. In addition, there are New Year Tasting Festival and Dragon Boat Festival. Folk oral literature widely circulated among Miao people includes folk songs, love songs, legends, stories and proverbs. Lusheng dance of Miao nationality is also very distinctive.
8. Hui nationality
There are about 698,000 Hui people in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Kunming, Dali, Qujing, Chuxiong, Honghe and Yuxi. They are characterized by "large dispersion and small concentration" and "concentrated around mosques". Hui people believe in Islam, mainly Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Holy Day.
9. Lisu people
Lisu is one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan, with about 668,000 people, mainly distributed in Nujiang, Diqing, Lijiang, Dali and other places. Lisu language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are two dialects, Nujiang dialect and Jinjiang dialect, and even connected with Lisu dialects in Myanmar, Thailand, India and other countries. Lisu people generally believe in primitive religions, as well as Christianity and Catholicism.
Its folk oral literature and art are rich, and it has been handed down through telling and singing, with its own rich folk songs, music and dances. National sports has a long historical tradition, and crossbow shooting is the strength of Lisu people, which has unique and unique characteristics. Every year, 65438+February 20th is the traditional festival "Wide Season". During the festival, there are stunts such as "jumping into the sea of fire, climbing the mountain of knives" and "flying over the Nujiang River".
10, Lahu nationality
Lahu nationality is one of the unique nationalities in Yunnan, with about 475,000 people, mainly distributed in Pu 'er, Lincang and Xishuangbanna. Lahu language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Religious beliefs mainly include primitive religion, Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity and Catholicism, among which primitive religious beliefs are the most extensive.
Traditional festivals include Spring Festival (Tower Enlarging Festival), Torch Festival, New Year Tasting Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, ancestor worship festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, February 8th, Christmas Day and hand washing festival. Mupapapa, the most popular and famous epic with the nature of genesis, is an "encyclopedia" of Lahu culture, which integrates politics, economy, culture and history, and is a treasure of Lahu folk literature.
Lahu nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. There are many kinds of dances, most of which belong to square dance. Generally, men play musical instruments in front, and women line up to dance around.
1 1, Wa nationality
Wa nationality is one of the endemic nationalities in Yunnan, with a population of about 40 1 000, mainly distributed in Lincang and Pu 'er city. Wa language belongs to the Wa branch of Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian language family. The Wa people believe in the primitive religion of animism. He is good at naming, offering sacrifices, traveling and doing things according to the year and month of cadres and branches.
Wa people have created a variety of oral literature, including myths, legends, poems, fables, folk songs, proverbs, fairy tales, long narrative poems and long lyric poems. The legend of "Four Gangli" tells the original source of the Wa ancestors.
The main Wa festivals are the Spring Festival, the New Rice Festival on August 14th, the New Fire Festival on the first day of March, the Seed Festival in April and the building of new houses, among which the New Rice Festival, the Seed Festival and the building of new houses are the most grand. In the past, the Wa people had to "whip cattle" when building new houses, weddings and funerals.
12, Naxi nationality
Naxi is one of the unique ethnic groups in Yunnan, with about 3 1 10,000 people, mainly distributed in Lijiang City and Diqing Prefecture. Naxi language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. There are two kinds of characters in Naxi nationality, one is ideographic hieroglyphics, which is called "the law of four seasons" by the people; One is syllabic writing with phonetic notation, which is called "goba" by the people.
The hieroglyphics of Naxi pictures are called "the only well-preserved existing hieroglyphics" in international academic circles. Up to now, there are more than 20,000 volumes of Dongba Sutra, a Naxi native religion written in this hieroglyphic, which have been collected by libraries and museums in China and Europe and America. Dayan Ancient City, a famous historical and cultural city in China, is a wonderful flower in the architectural history of China, and was awarded the title of "World Cultural Heritage" by the United Nations.
Naxi is a people who believe in many religions, including Dongba, Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism and Taoism. It has also created "White Sand Mural", "Naxi Ancient Music" and other national fine arts that integrate the multicultural factors of all ethnic groups. Historically, the traditional handicrafts of Naxi nationality, such as bronzes and leather, were developed, and their products were exported to Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet.
The "Three Flowers Festival" on the eighth day of the second lunar month is its biggest festival every year. People gathered around the bonfire and danced the cheerful "Li Ali".
13, Yao nationality
There are about 220,000 Yao people in Yunnan, mainly distributed in Wenshan Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture. There are four branches of Yao nationality in Yunnan: Landian Yao, Guo Shanyao, Shan Yao Yao and Jingdong Yao. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yunnan Lan Dianyao and Guo Shanyao used Fang Yao characters. All the people of the Yaos in Landian and Guoshan believe in Taoism.
Yao Taoist classics and songs are called "Yao literature", which is highly valued and regarded as a treasure house of Yao culture. In addition to the Wang Pan Festival on the lunar calendar 10/6, Yunnan Yao people also celebrate the Danu Festival on the 29th of March, the Spring Festival, the 3rd of March, the Dragon Boat Festival and the 4th of July/kloc-0.
Extended data:
Yunnan is a multi-ethnic province with rich and colorful languages. The Han language in Yunnan belongs to the northern language family (southwest mandarin), while the languages of other nationalities belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family and the South Asian language family respectively. There are four main types of language use: mother tongue, bilingual, multilingual and mother tongue conversion.
All ethnic groups in Yunnan have their own languages except Hui, Manchu and Shui, and 22 national languages are used. Among them, the written language of the Dai people has a certain historical origin with Thailand. Dongba culture of Naxi nationality has a long history, and Dongba characters are hieroglyphics still circulating today.
References:
Yunnan? Baidu baike