Physical geography: Moscow is located in the middle of Russian plain, beside the Moscow River, across moscow river and its tributary Yauza River. Greater Moscow (including the area within the ring road) covers an area of 900 square kilometers, of which the peripheral green belt * * * is 1725 square kilometers. The terrain is flat, and there is only Teplos Tanska-Asia Highland (the highest point is 253m) in the southwest. Continental climate, with annual precipitation of 582 mm and heavy snowfall. The average annual snow-covered period is as long as 146 days (165438+1early October-mid-April), with long winter and gloomy weather. 1the average temperature in October is-10.2℃ (minimum -42℃), and the average temperature in July is 18. 1℃ (maximum 37℃). The green area of this city accounts for about 1/3 of the total area, and it is one of the best green cities in the world. Overlooking Moscow from the plane, you can see lush trees and clear rivers and lakes under the blue sky. This city is clean and tidy.
History: Moscow is a city with a long history and glorious tradition, which was founded in the middle of 12 century.
The name of Moscow comes from moscow river. There are three etymologies about moscow river: Low Wetlands (Slavic), Niudukou (Finnish-Ugric) and Dense Forests (Ka valdano). As a residential area, Moscow first appeared in the year 1 147. 1 156, the founder of Moscow, Archduke Yuri Dolgoruki, built the Kremlin Castle in Moscow with mud and wooden structure. The word "Kremlin" comes from Greek, meaning "castle" or "cliff"; One theory comes from the early Russian word "Kerim", which refers to a conifer that can be used as a building material. Later, some commercial, handicraft and agricultural villages gradually formed inside and outside the Kremlin castle. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, it became the capital of Moscow Principality. /kloc-in the 4th century, the Russians centered on Moscow, rallied the surrounding forces and resisted the Mongolian aristocratic rule, thus unifying Russia and establishing a centralized feudal country.
Celebrate the 860th anniversary of the founding of Moscow.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/5th century, Moscow became the capital of a unified Russian country until the beginning of the 0/8th century. 17 12 Peter the Great moved to St. Petersburg, but Moscow is still the largest economic, political and cultural center in Russia and still plays the role of the second capital of Russia. 1755, the first university in Russia-Moscow University (now Lomonosov Moscow State University) was established. After the French army led by Napoleon occupied Moscow in 18 12, the city was burned in the fire, but it was quickly rebuilt. 18 13, the Moscow Urban Construction Committee was established and large-scale urban reconstruction began. 185 1 year railway.
10 During the socialist revolution in October, 19 17, after Petrograd, Moscow also held an armed uprising and established the Soviet regime. The Soviet government and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China moved from Petrograd (later renamed St. Petersburg) to Moscow in March 19 18. 1922 In February, Moscow officially became the capital of the Soviet Union and the capital of the first socialist country in the world, namely the Soviet Socialist Union.
1960, some towns near the government were merged into the city boundary, forming the greater Moscow area. From 65438 to 0987, Moscow municipal authorities designated the first weekend of September as a city celebration day and held various city celebrations. Moscow became the capital of the Russian Federation.
From 65438 to 0987, Moscow municipal authorities designated the first weekend of September as a city celebration day and held various city celebrations.
Administrative division and population: 1968, the whole city is divided into 30 districts (including Zeiler Gele, a new town outside the ring road), of which 13 inner city population and area are less than 17 outer city. Russians account for 89.2% of the population, and the rest are Jews, Ukrainians and Tatars.
From 1897 to 1926, the population of Moscow increased from 1039 thousand to 2.08 million. From 1926 to 1939, the number of Moscow residents increased by 2.2 times, reaching 4.609 million. After World War II, the population of Moscow continued to increase, but at a slower pace. At 1959, it is 6133000; At 1970, it is 7194000; At 1979, it is 8142000; 1995 is 8.875 million, 65438. After 1989, the population of Moscow began to decline, reaching 87170,000 in 1993, 8.639 million in 1997, 850,000 in 1998 and 8.389 million in 2000. According to the 5438+ 10 census in June, 2002, the permanent population is 100000, and the floating population is about120000. As of June 2006, the population is about 65,438+0,465,438+0,5 million.
The average population density is 7,700 people/km2, and the population density in central China is as high as 29,000 people/km2. Women account for 55% of the residents, 774,000 more than men (1.976), and the natural population growth rate is extremely low, only 2.5‰( 1.976).
Ecological environment: Moscow has good ecological protection and strict law enforcement on environmental protection issues. 1997, more than 300 criminal cases against ecological damage were filed in Russia, of which 150 were filed in Moscow. Generally speaking, ecological protection accounts for 3% of the budget of big cities, and Moscow accounts for 5%. Lead-free gasoline has been implemented for a long time, but automobile exhaust emissions have accounted for 88% of the total pollution gas. The city has strengthened the detection of automobile exhaust, banned vehicles with excessive pollution from going on the road, and restricted the import and registration of used cars. Due to historical reasons, the per capita green space of 640,000 residents in the central city is only 9 square meters. The municipal government has decided that the municipal and district governments will allocate 2 million rubles every year to transform 6,000 small parks into nature reserves, and it is forbidden to build any buildings there. 1998, Moscow Mayor Luzhkov signed a resolution to open eight new nature reserves in the city, including Izmailo Bois de Vincennes Park, where President Yeltsin and other leaders live, and Sparrow Mountain (formerly Lenin Mountain), which is located near the factory area in the east of the city. Together with the original four nature reserves, the new nature reserve has a total area of 7200 hectares. Plus the street gardens and parks scattered in the city, the green area is * * * 24,000 hectares, accounting for about 40% of the city's area, and the per capita green space is more than 30 square meters, making it one of the best cities in the world. Luzhkov was awarded the "Best Ecologist in the World" award by the United Nations.
Culture and education: Moscow is a national science and technology cultural center with many educational facilities, including 1433 general education schools and 84 institutions of higher learning. The most famous university is Lomonosov Moscow State University (with more than 26,000 students). Lenin Library is the second largest library in the world, with 35.7 million books (1995). 40,000 books and nearly 3,600 publications are published every year. There are more than 1000 scientific research institutions and more than 200,000 scientific workers. In addition to the National Academy of Sciences, there are also national research institutions in art, medicine, education and agriculture.
There are 12 1 cinemas in the city. The National Grand Theatre, the Moscow Art Theatre, the National Central Puppet Theatre, the Moscow National Circus and the Russian National Symphony Orchestra enjoy world reputation. Cinema 1 10, dance halls 3 1, and 72 cultural palaces. Television is broadcast on four channels. Radio Moscow broadcasts in many domestic languages and more than 60 foreign languages. Publish 34 kinds of newspapers. There are 65 museums in the city, among which the famous ones are the National Pushkin Art Museum, the Tretta Yakov Art Museum, the Weapons Museum (in the Kremlin) and the National History Museum.
Sports facilities include large stadiums (more than 65,438+0,500 seats), 65,438+0,970 (65,438+0,997) and 96 stadiums (65,438+0,997), of which the Olympic Stadium covers an area of 65,438+0,997. There are also 65 swimming pools, 290 football fields, 65,438+0,200 gymnasiums, 4 racecourses and 65,438+0,600 basketball volleyball courts.
Medical facilities include 193 hospital and 1000 clinic.
Industry and Commerce: Before the October Revolution, Moscow was famous for its textile industry and was known as the "cloth city". Since then, it has become the largest industrial center in the Soviet Union and Russia, with the total industrial output value ranking first in the country, complete industrial categories and more than 20,000 factories. Machinery manufacturing and metal processing are the most important industries, and other industrial projects include automobile manufacturing, chemicals, textiles, electronics, aviation, food processing, wood processing, paper making, construction and printing. Machinery manufacturing, chemical industry, food processing and printing industry are developed, and suburban agriculture is also developed.
Local power stations use natural gas imported from Central Asia, North Caucasus and Volga-Urals as fuel. There are large natural gas reservoirs and pipelines around the city. The Grech, Ribinsk, Gorky, Samara and Volgograd hydropower stations on the Volga River supply power to Moscow through high-voltage transmission lines. There is a thermal power station in the east of the city.
Moscow is also the largest commercial center in CIS, and the largest commercial and financial offices in Russia are located here. It has the headquarters of national banks and insurance institutions and 66 large department stores, among which Children's World, Central Department Store and National Department Store are the largest.
Transportation: Moscow has developed transportation and is the hub of China's railways, highways, river transportation and aviation. Electrified railways and highways extend in all directions.
As the center of Russian railway system, the freight volume of Moscow accounts for about110 of the national total. There are 9 passenger stations in the city, and a 550-kilometer-long Great Ring Railway is built on the periphery about 50 kilometers away from the urban area. The railway leads to St. Petersburg, Kirov, Kiev, Vladivostok, Kharkov, Donbass, Minsk, Warsaw, Berlin and other domestic and foreign cities, as well as the Urals, the lower reaches of the Volga River, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Crimea, Siberia, the Baltic Sea and other regions.
The subway is the largest passenger transport in Moscow. There are 8 subway lines in the city, with an operating mileage of 212.5km (1995).
Moscow river flows through the urban area and has three river ports. The excavation of the Moscow Canal will connect moscow river with the Volga River, and the water traffic can reach the sea directly. After the opening of the Volga-Don Canal, Moscow became the "five seaports" of the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Caspian Sea, and the annual freight volume of the three local river ports reached 29 million tons.
As the center of CIS aviation network, Moscow has four airports, with direct flights to most European capitals and foreign cities such as new york, Montreal and Tokyo, and international shipping services to 97 countries and 122 cities. Urban traffic is relatively developed, with subways and buses as the main tools, and private cars are increasing steadily.
Municipal planning: The master plan for the development of Moscow was adopted in 197 1 year. The city layout is neat, annular and radial, including street ring, garden road ring, greater Moscow ring railway and Moscow ring from the inside out. The function and architectural style of each ring area are different, reflecting the different development stages of Moscow. The Kremlin Castle is located in the city center. It was the first Russian country in the early days and later became a symbol of the Soviet Union.
The city is divided into eight districts. Gorky Street is the main road and the most prosperous street in the city. Lenin Street is more than 50 meters wide, and Kalinin Street is the most modern street in this city. There are many gardens, street gardens, cultural parks and green belts in the city.
Main buildings and scenic spots: Moscow is a famous historical city, centering on the Kremlin and Red Square with reasonable layout, and radiating around. The Kremlin is the palace of Russian czars, which is magnificent and world-famous. The former Congress of supreme soviet of the ussr and the former Congress of the Soviet Union were held in the Kremlin. There are exquisite churches, palaces, bell towers and towers in the Kremlin castle, which is magnificent and world-famous. In the central church square of the Kremlin, there are the majestic cathedral of the assumption of the Virgin Mary, the solemn church of good news and the cathedral of angels, which contain the cemetery of the former Moscow emperor Peter the Great. On the east side of the Kremlin is Red Square, which is the center of national ceremonies. There is Lenin's mausoleum in the Red Square, and Pokrovski Church at the south end (1554- 1560). The Garden Road Ring is mainly composed of government agencies and commercial areas, where most state agencies and major hotels, shops, theaters, museums, art galleries, libraries and former sites of economic and trade associations are built. There are many factories, railway stations and freight yards between Huayuan Road Ring Road and Ring Railway.
Other places of interest include the bell tower of Novodevich convent, the Presidium of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, Lenin Central Gymnasium, Ukrainian Hotel and Moscow State University. Outside the railways around the city are factories and residential areas developed in the 1960s and 1970s.
Sculpture is a unique decoration in Moscow, and statues and monuments carved with bronze or marble stand in many places. There are 1 1 natural forest areas in the city, nearly 100 parks with an area of about 2000 hectares, and there are more than 800 street gardens in the urban area.
On the outskirts of Moscow, there are the New Notre Dame Monastery, the Trojan Orthodox Monastery and the simonov Monastery. The suburban villages of Hostains, namely Silver Pine Forest, Himki and Keno, are lush and beautiful.
1May 1995 16, Moscow and Beijing became sister cities.