The most prominent feature of Japan's industrial layout is its coastal nature.

Industry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coastal areas, especially the so-called "three bays and one sea" areas, namely Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay, as well as the coastal areas of Seto Inland Sea. It starts from Kashima on the east side of Tokyo Bay in the east, passes through Chiba, Yokohama-Suruga Bay-Nagoya-Osaka and Kobe-Seto Inland Seas in Tokyo in the west, and finally reaches Kitakyushu, with a total length of 1000 km, including five industrial zones, including Keihin, Zhongjing, Hanshin, Setouchi and Kitakyushu, and their adjacent areas. It is an east-west banded region, usually called as.

This area accounts for about 24% of the country's total area, but it has 60% of the population and the number of factories in Japan, more than 67% of the total number of workers, 75% of the industrial output value, 95% of the equipment capacity of large steel joint ventures, and more than 90% of the heavy chemical industry output value. In particular, the newly-built resource-based industries that consume a lot of raw materials after the war are distributed in this area and become typical representatives of coastal industrial zones.

Pacific Industrial Belt is not only Japan, but also one of the most developed industrial zones in the world. The main reasons why Japanese industry is highly concentrated in this belt-shaped region are as follows: First, most of the raw materials and fuels for Japanese industrial development depend on imports, and most of the products depend on exports. Facing foreign markets is the basic starting point of Japan's industrial layout after the war.

In many professional docks along the Pacific coast, imported raw materials and fuels are often directly transported to the production workshop for on-site processing through automatic water delivery lines; At the same time, the products produced are also transported to all parts of the world by sea ships through export professional docks. Therefore, in this sense, ships and ports have become the sources of Japanese industrial raw materials and fuels and the sales places of products.

This not only saves land, but also shortens the production cycle, and can obtain huge economic benefits. The change of geographical composition of post-war resources, that is, from pre-war and wartime mainly facing the Sea of Japan (such as China and North Korea) to post-war mainly facing the Pacific Ocean (such as Southeast Asia, Oceania, Europe, North America, Africa and Latin America). ), which is the direct reason why industry is increasingly concentrated along the Pacific coast.

Second, give full play to the advantages of island location conditions. Japan has a long coastline and many excellent harbors along the coast, especially the Pacific Ocean, which is deep and wide, calm and has little tidal range. It is suitable for building giant ports and deep-water docks and is convenient for large or super cargo ships to berth.

At present, the port areas along the Pacific coast not only provide convenient conditions for the import of raw materials and the export of products, but also the increasingly large ship structure leads to the low cost of maritime transportation. Third, although Japan's coastal areas are already very dense and land is scarce, in recent years, land reclamation here has made land prices cheaper, which is conducive to investment and factory establishment.

Fourthly, the major coastal industrial zones are the areas with the most concentrated industries, cities and population in Japan, so they are also the largest consumers of industrial products in China, realizing the economic principle that the origin is close to the consumption place. Fifth, in the process of implementing the policy of focusing on developing heavy chemical industry, Japan has invested heavily in the construction of public facilities and added traffic lines in coastal areas, which has provided various convenient conditions for the layout of new factories.

Japan's industrial distribution is highly concentrated, the overall imbalance, and the over-concentration layout is unreasonable; But as far as an enterprise is concerned, it has compact layout, less land, easy contact with other enterprises, reasonable technology and high economic benefits. However, after years of development, the original industrial areas in Japan have been crowded and saturated, and the problem of industrial redistribution has been put forward.

The industrial distribution began to spread to other places, and the general trend was: (1) extended to the periphery of the original industrial zone and its peripheral inland parts, especially those technology-intensive industries; (2) expanding to consumer places; (3) tend to areas with abundant labor resources; (4) Establish local industrial strongholds in areas with backward industries. In addition, Japan has invested heavily in overseas factories, processed raw materials locally, and then shipped semi-finished products back to Japan.

2. Know little about Japan

The most prominent feature of Japan's industrial layout is its coastal nature. Industry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coastal areas, especially the so-called "three bays and one sea" areas, namely Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay, as well as the coastal areas of Seto Inland Sea. It starts from Kashima on the east side of Tokyo Bay in the east, passes through Chiba, Yokohama-Suruga Bay-Nagoya-Osaka and Kobe-Seto Inland Seas in Tokyo in the west, and finally reaches Kitakyushu, with a total length of 1000 km, including five industrial zones, including Keihin, Zhongjing, Hanshin, Setouchi and Kitakyushu, and their adjacent areas. It is an east-west banded region, usually called as. This area accounts for about 24% of the country's total area, but it has 60% of the population and the number of factories in Japan, more than 67% of the total number of workers, 75% of the industrial output value, 95% of the equipment capacity of large steel joint ventures, and more than 90% of the heavy chemical industry output value. In particular, the newly-built resource-based industries that consume a lot of raw materials after the war are distributed in this area and become typical representatives of coastal industrial zones. Pacific Industrial Belt is not only Japan, but also one of the most developed industrial zones in the world. The main reasons why Japanese industry is highly concentrated in this belt-shaped region are as follows: First, most of the raw materials and fuels for Japanese industrial development depend on imports, and most of the products depend on exports. Facing foreign markets is the basic starting point of Japan's industrial layout after the war. In many professional docks along the Pacific coast, imported raw materials and fuels are often directly transported to the production workshop for on-site processing through automatic water delivery lines; At the same time, the products produced are also transported to all parts of the world by sea ships through export professional docks. Therefore, in this sense, ships and ports have become the sources of Japanese industrial raw materials and fuels and the sales places of products. This not only saves land, but also shortens the production cycle, and can obtain huge economic benefits. The change of geographical composition of post-war resources, that is, from pre-war and wartime mainly facing the Sea of Japan (such as China and North Korea) to post-war mainly facing the Pacific Ocean (such as Southeast Asia, Oceania, Europe, North America, Africa and Latin America). ), which is the direct reason why industry is increasingly concentrated along the Pacific coast. Second, give full play to the advantages of island location conditions. Japan has a long coastline and many excellent harbors along the coast, especially the Pacific Ocean, which is deep and wide, calm and has little tidal range. It is suitable for building giant ports and deep-water docks and is convenient for large or super cargo ships to berth. At present, the port areas along the Pacific coast not only provide convenient conditions for the import of raw materials and the export of products, but also the increasingly large ship structure leads to the low cost of maritime transportation. Third, although Japan's coastal areas are already very dense and land is scarce, in recent years, land reclamation here has made land prices cheaper, which is conducive to investment and factory establishment. Fourthly, the major coastal industrial zones are the areas with the most concentrated industries, cities and population in Japan, so they are also the largest consumers of industrial products in China, realizing the economic principle that the origin is close to the consumption place. Fifth, in the process of implementing the policy of focusing on developing heavy chemical industry, Japan has invested heavily in the construction of public facilities and added traffic lines in coastal areas, which has provided various convenient conditions for the layout of new factories. Japan's industrial distribution is highly concentrated, the overall imbalance, and the over-concentration layout is unreasonable; But as far as an enterprise is concerned, it has compact layout, less land, easy contact with other enterprises, reasonable technology and high economic benefits.

However, after years of development, the original industrial areas in Japan have been crowded and saturated, and the problem of industrial redistribution has been put forward. The industrial distribution began to spread to other places, and the general trend was: (1) extended to the periphery of the original industrial zone and its peripheral inland parts, especially those technology-intensive industries; (2) expanding to consumer places; (3) tend to areas with abundant labor resources; (4) Establish local industrial strongholds in areas with backward industries. In addition, Japan has invested heavily in overseas factories, processed raw materials locally, and then shipped semi-finished products back to Japan.

3. A little common sense about Japan, thank you, the more the better.

Japan's unique geographical conditions and long history have given birth to a unique Japanese culture.

Sakura, kimono, haiku and samurai, sake and Shinto constitute two aspects of Japanese tradition-chrysanthemum and knife. Japan has a famous "three paths", namely, Japanese folk tea ceremony, flower path and book path.

China was introduced into the Japanese War. Karate does not use any weapons, only fists and feet. Compared with other fighting sports, karate is a practical form of sports.

Aikido was originally just a kind of exercise to practice "shape", and its basic idea is not to use force against power. Compared with judo and karate, Aikido, as a mental exercise and fitness exercise, is very popular with the elderly and women.

Calligraphy, when it comes to calligraphy, I believe many people will think it is a unique art in China. In fact, calligraphy is not only popular in Japan, but also one of the ways people cultivate their temperament.

In ancient Japan, calligraphy was called "Tathagata" or "calligraphy", and the word "calligraphy" did not appear until the Edo period (17th century). In Japan, the popularity of writing Chinese characters with a brush should be after the introduction of Buddhism.

Monks and Buddhists imitate China and copy Jingneng Opera with a brush, which is a traditional Japanese drama and one of the oldest existing dramas in the world. Nengju originated from ancient dance drama forms and various festival dramas held in Japanese shrines and monasteries in the12nd century or13rd century.

"Neng" means talent or skill. Actors hint at the essence of the story through facial expressions and body movements, rather than showing it.

Now this kind of drama still has tenacious vitality in Japan. Sushi is a kind of food made of sashimi (さしみ), raw shrimp, raw fish powder and so on. Mix with white rice, vinegar, seafood, horseradish, etc. Knead into a rice ball.

There are many kinds of sushi, not less than hundreds, and sushi in different regions also has its own characteristics. Most of them are prepared with rice and vinegar first, then wrapped with fish, meat and eggs, and wrapped with laver or bean skin.

When eating raw fish sushi, drink Japanese green tea or sake, which has a special taste. [Edit this paragraph] Does Japanese culture have its own roots? The answer is yes.

Although Japanese culture always takes foreign culture as the medium in its formation and development, it has its own roots after all. Japanese culture is like a tree, and its roots are deeply rooted in Japanese customs.

If we investigate its origin, it can be traced back to the rope-grain era thousands of years BC. "Rope culture, Yayoi culture and tomb culture are three periods of Japanese primitive culture."

Japanese history began with the appearance of stone tools, and the rope-grain age is Japan's stone age. The pottery of that period excavated by archaeology has a colorful straw rope appearance on the surface, which is called rope pottery in history.

Rope pottery has a long history, its appearance is more and more complex, and its patterns are more and more colorful, which shows the maturity of pottery-making technology and the development of stone processing at that time. Although Japan was already in the Neolithic Age, due to the geographical position of the island country, the advanced culture of Eurasia failed to enter Japan at that time.

Rope people live in hard caves and still make a living by fishing, hunting and gathering, but they don't know how to farm. The lag of productivity also made its society stay at the stage of matriarchal clan commune at that time.

Witchcraft dominates people's primitive social life and spiritual life. From the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD, Japanese history entered the yayoi era.

Archaeologists unearthed new pottery with different rope patterns in Yayoi Town, bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, which is called Yayoi pottery in history and Yayoi culture in history. Yayoi pottery is simple in shape and uncomplicated in pattern, which is quite different from rope pottery and embodies a new aesthetic taste.

It is generally believed that Yayoi pottery was imported from overseas, that is, people who moved in from the mainland may have brought a new Yayoi culture. Although the new culture overcame the original rope pattern culture and became the mainstream of Japanese culture, foreigners were eventually assimilated by indigenous people, and the Japanese nation was not interrupted.

During the yayoi period, the productivity was greatly improved, because the advanced continental civilization spread to Japan through the Korean peninsula, which prompted Japan to enter a farming society dominated by rice farming economy, and the Stone Age entered the Iron Age. Yayoi people engaged in farming, growing food, and gradually formed a large village with labor force. Patriarchal social system replaced matriarchal social system, and class differences and political rule gradually formed.

At that time, nature worship and witchcraft superstition still dominated people's spiritual life, especially the prevalence of farming sacrifice activities, which became a major feature of Yayoi culture. From the 3rd and 4th centuries to the 6th and 7th centuries, many ancient graves with high graves, represented by the former round graves, were built in various places, marking the era when Japan entered the ancient grave culture from Yayoi culture.

Building an ancient grave requires recruiting a large number of laborers, and exquisite handicrafts such as mirrors, swords and gouyu are also buried in the grave, which symbolizes the great power of the deceased before his death. This is in sharp contrast to the simple burial after death of ordinary people, which shows that a powerful autocratic centralization has been formed, that is, Yamato, with Ju Chi as the center, finally unified Japan in the early 5th century.

During this period, Japan not only introduced material civilization from the mainland, but also began to introduce spiritual civilization from the mainland. On the one hand, * * * and Koreans who moved to Japan, the so-called "naturalized people", began to take notes in Chinese characters. On the other hand, China's knowledge of Yin and Yang and astronomy was introduced into Japan.

In the 6th century, Confucian classics and Buddhism were also introduced into Japan through the Korean Peninsula, which opened the curtain of Japanese spiritual culture. As can be seen from the above, the germination and formation of Japanese primitive culture has gone through a long historical period.

It can be seen from the research of rope pattern, yayoi and ancient grave culture so far that the primitive culture of Japan was produced by the Japanese in primitive society in the process of fighting against the external nature, seeking and enriching their own material life, and once the island country of Japan came into contact with the outside world, foreign advanced culture was introduced immediately and became the growth hormone of Japanese culture. Secondly, spiritually and culturally, witchcraft and sacrifice dominated the social life of Japanese in primitive society, which provided a foundation for the formation of Japanese national religion-Shinto. Thirdly, the formation of Japanese primitive culture is almost synchronous with the formation of Japanese nation and country, and they are closely related and inseparable.

That is, taking the Yamato region as the center, integrating all ethnic groups and forming a "Yamato nation"; The "Yamato State" finally unified "100 countries" and established an emperor state. Yamato unified Japan.

4. Common sense in Japan

1 The Great Oriental Temple in Japan was built by Jian Zhen, a monk in the Tang Dynasty in China, and is the general temple of Japanese Buddhist legalists.

China monks went to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty, the most famous of which was Jian Zhen. Jian Zhen, whose common name is Chunyu, is a native of Yangzhou. He has profound attainments in legalism, and he preached and taught in daming temple, Yangzhou.

At the request of Emperor Shengwu in Japan, he went to Japan to preach Buddhism. After six efforts and hardships, he finally arrived in Japan in the thirteenth year of Tianbao (754), when he was nearly seventy years old and blind. He spread the practice to Japan and taught Buddhist temple architecture, sculpture, painting, medicine and so on.

The existing Japanese Tang Temple is built in * * *. He stayed in Japan for 10 years and was buried in Zhao Ti Temple after his death.

Jian Zhen has made great contributions to Sino-Japanese friendship and is respected by the two peoples. Tang Zhaoti Temple in Naraichi is a group of buildings with the architectural style of China's prosperous Tang Dynasty, which has been recognized as a Japanese national treasure.

After Jian Zhen (688-763 AD), a monk of the Tang Dynasty, made his sixth voyage to the Western Ocean, the construction of Tianpingbaozi began in the third year (759 AD) and was completed in about 770 AD. The red banner "Tang Zhao Ti Temple" on the gate of the temple was written by Japanese queen Xiao Gan after imitating Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi.

The pine forest in the temple is lush, the courtyard is quiet and the hall is heavy. There are lecture halls and annular altars in Tian Ping era, Jintang in the late Nara era (AD 7 10-789), Drum Tower, Auditorium and Buddha statues after Tian Ping in Kamakura era (AD 1 185- 1333). The main hall of the temple-Jintang, with 7 facades and 4 sides, is located on the stone platform about 1 m high, which is the largest and most beautiful building in Tian Ping era.

The golden Buddha statue of Lushena, the main Buddha, is enshrined in the Jintang, with a height of 3.7 meters and made of dry paint unique to Nara era. The 5.36-meter-high Avalokitesvara Buddha statue on both sides and the 2.03-meter-high Tathagata Buddha statue are all dry-painted wooden hearts. In front of the three giant buddhas, there are two small statues of Brahma and Indra, and four statues of heavenly kings. There are also Tathagata Buddha statues carved in the hall in the early days of peace, among which Jintang, Lushenafo, Thousand-handed Guanyin Buddha and pharmacist Tathagata are all Japanese national treasures.

There are nine lecture halls at the back of Jintang, which are also Japan's national treasures. It was originally a hall of the Peace Palace, which was built in the early 8th century. It was donated by the royal family when the temple was built, and later moved into the temple, leaving the only building for the Peace Palace.

There is a painted Buddha statue of Maitreya Tathagata in the lecture hall. There are two pavilions on both sides of the Buddha statue that look like sedan chairs. This is where Jian Zhen gives lectures. In the courtyard of the lecture hall, there is a collection of scriptures/kloc-0 brought by Jian Zhen from China more than 200 years ago.

It was built in the Royal Cinema in A.D. 1688. It was built for a sitting statue made of Jian Zhen dry paint. It is 2 feet 7 inches high, facing the west, with folded hands, smiling eyes and tight lips, showing the posture of Jian Zhen when he died in 763 AD. It is designated as the national treasure of Japan, and it is only open for three days every year. Kaii Higashiyama, a famous Japanese painter, painted 68 barrier murals for the Royal Cinema, including Cloud Shadow, The Sound of Waves, Xiaoyun in Huangshan Mountain, Looking for the Wind in Yangzhou, Moonlight in Guilin and Ruiguang.

In front of the Royal Shadow Hall, there is Jian Zhen's tomb. There are famous flowers and plants in the hospital, such as pine trees, osmanthus, peony, Sun Wenlian, temple lotus in Zhao Ti, violet in Zhao Ti, dancing princess lotus, Japan-China friendship lotus and Qionghua in Yangzhou. Between lecture halls, there is a Drum Tower in the east and a Bell Tower in the west.

Drum Tower is a pavilion-like building surrounded by two platforms. To the east of the Drum Tower is the auditorium.

There are also buildings in the temple, such as Dizang King Hall, San Xiao Hall and Benyuan Hall. Japan's "big black day" refers to New Year's Eve in Japan.

Japanese people pay special attention to the New Year, and every year 65438+February 29th-65438+1October 3rd is a national holiday. The Japanese call 65438+February 3 1 a big black day, that is, New Year's Eve.

On New Year's Eve, the Japanese call it Broken Night. At midnight, they prayed to the gods for TOEFL to bid farewell to the troubled old year and usher in a beautiful new year. This is the so-called first day. At midnight on New Year's Eve, temples in urban and rural areas ring bells 108 to exorcise evil spirits, while Japanese people listen to "night bells". When the bell stops, it means the arrival of a new year.

People leave their seats and go to bed, hoping to have a good dream. On New Year's morning, families sit around and tell each other about their dreams on New Year's Eve to test good luck or bad luck.

The Japanese call the first day of New Year's Day "Zhengri". 1-3 is "Three Congratulations Day":

On the right day, the younger generation should go to their parents' home to pay New Year greetings, and then pay New Year greetings to relatives and friends. The New Year is still a "eating" festival, and people all over the world pray for good luck by eating their own food. On "Zhengri" day, the Japanese will have a big breakfast, including sugar, soba noodles and Tu Su wine.

After that, they went vegetarian for three days in a row to show their piety and pray for good luck in the coming year. At present, most urban people in Japan give up vegetarian food in the New Year and eat a hollow noodle at the "night show" to wish them health and longevity in the new year.

5. Is there any common sense in living in Japan?

Tip: Japanese restaurants and restaurants include service charges, so there is no need to tip.

Time: Japanese time is one hour faster than China time. For example, 8: 00 Beijing time and 9: 00 Tokyo time.

Currency: US dollars and Japanese yen can be exchanged at airports and banks, and you need to hold your own passport. The exchange rate is subject to the foreign exchange rate quoted by the local bank on the same day. Bank exchange business in Japan is only conducted from 9 am to 3 pm, and banks are closed on Saturdays, Sundays and major holidays.

Taxi: Taxis are very common in Japan and can be seen everywhere, but the charges are somewhat different. Shopping: In Japan, all goods are subject to 8% consumption tax.

Generally, the goods in the store do not include consumption tax, which will be added when checking out. ◆ Telephone use: dial Dalian 00 1 (international) +86 (China) +0 10 (Beijing)+the number to be dialed.

List of business hours of main service places in Japan: Name: Monday to Friday, Saturday and Sunday, Holiday Bank 9:00- 15:00, Post Office 9:00- 17:00, Department Store 10: 00- 19: 00.

6. What "little knowledge" do you need to travel to Japan?

If you are traveling in Japan, you don't need to bring too many clothes this season, but you must bring an umbrella. If you are a lady, you can bow 30 degrees, cross your hands in front of your stomach, and press your left hand against your right hand ~ ~ If you are a man, you should bow 45 degrees and put your hands on your legs ~ ~ If you take off your shoes anywhere, you should turn around and put them out. If you go to a restaurant with a shoe cabinet and greet people with your toes inward ~ ~, most people will say "こんにちは", but if you meet people for the first time every day, you want to say "ぉはよぅは" when eating. Say "ぉぃしぃです ~ ~ You can't say" ぁりがとぅす "when someone helps you with food or drinks. 7. Who can find 100 tips about Japan?