Author Qu Wei, published in Wenzhou Outlook, August 2007.
The prosperity of Wenzhou Wushu began in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the previous history was not recorded. This is not surprising, because Wenzhou is far from the Central Plains. Before the Tang Dynasty, most of Wenzhou's history was rare, its civilization was uncivilized, and its martial arts were probably cruel. There is no spiritual practice except fighting on the battlefield. Although martial arts originated from the battle of flesh and blood in the war, the most important thing is the effect of fighting and attacking, but when it is transformed into personal cultivation, it must pay attention to the transcendence of spirit and will, which is the ultimate destination of "Tao" and "righteousness", just as war must be won by strategy. China was once a warrior, from the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. When Neo-Confucianism prevailed, China stood on the Asian plateau with a strong image. Looking back at history, we can't help but see that the formation of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty brought mature glory to China's ethical civilization, but it also meant the loss of martial spirit. As a result, although China accumulated huge wealth and was the richest, most luxurious and most educated country in the world at that time, it was vulnerable on the battlefield. Even with the most resourceful generals, the most advanced offensive and defensive techniques and the earliest invention of gunpowder, the fate of failure cannot be changed. This is a memorable phenomenon. It's just that this phenomenon is not what I want to discuss here. The reason why I look back on this period of history is that China's Wushu has entered a mature development period since the Song Dynasty and has been carried forward. Many martial arts techniques originated at that time. When the whole dynasty formed the etiquette system of "valuing literature over martial arts", martial arts began to be the cultivation of individual spiritual will, and inherited the "ranger spirit" since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and at the same time integrated the religious spirits such as Buddhism and Taoism, forming the spiritual pursuit of "martial arts". It is not only a battle on the battlefield, but also a battle of martial arts. What is more important is something other than competition, that is, it has become a profound knowledge for people to discuss the journey of life, including philosophy, which exercises courage, courage, benevolence, tolerance and wisdom.
Neijiaquan
Because Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, was close to Wenzhou, it also brought prosperity to Wenzhou. From the travel notes of some Arabs at that time, we can see the silk and lacquerware in Wenzhou. Similarly, the martial arts in Wenzhou began to enter a glorious period. The earliest figure in the literature is Tong, a disciple of Wudang. Huang Zongxi wrote in "Epitaph of Wang Zhengnan in Nanlei Wen Ding": "There is a so-called home, with static braking and offenders as servants ... built in Zhang Sanfeng in the Song Dynasty. Sanfeng is Stan from wu-tang clan, and Hui Zong called him, so he can't go in. Night dreams give boxing, and Jue Ming kills more than a hundred with a single ding. After a hundred years, the art of Sanfeng was circulated in Shaanxi, with Wang Zong being the most famous, and Chen Zhou in Wenzhou as well. It was also passed on from Wang Zongchuan to fellow villagers, so it was circulated in Wenzhou, and Zhang Songxi was the most famous in Jiajing. " (Song Huizong was the penultimate emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, and his reign time was11-1125). The epitaph also describes the inheritance of Zhang Songxi, Ye Jimei, Shan Sinan and Wang Zhengnan (16 17- 1669). Huang Baijia, the son of Huang Zongxi, is a disciple of Wang Zhengnan, and is the author of the Law of Neijia Boxing.
According to "Wang Zhengnan's Epitaph", the earliest Wenzhou native who got the true biography of Neijia Boxing and recorded it was Tong, who became a major landscape of Zhangsongxi. Zhang Songxi is a legend in the inheritance of Neijia Boxing. Zheng Deyuan was born in Wenzhou around 1506, and Guangzong died in Yuping, Guizhou around 1620. Zhang Songxi claimed to be the true biography of Zhang Sanfeng. Later, he traveled around the Jianghu and got the true biography of Emei, and founded the Songxi Sect in Wudang. Since then, Wu Tangmen has become famous. Legend has it that 70 Shaolin monks refused to accept their admiration and challenged them to come to their homes. Songxi was sitting still, and suddenly a monk jumped out of the air and used the chain leg method. Zhang Songxi was calm, but when the Shaolin monk's offensive was coming, he raised his hand slightly sideways, and the Shaolin monk suddenly flew out of the window like a kite with a broken line. From then on, wudang boxing, no one refused. After Zhang Songxi, Wu Tangmen was full of talented people.
Wang Shizhen (word,1634-1711), a senior minister of the Shunzhi dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty, also wrote that "the boxing is brave, Shaolin is my home, and wudang zhang sanfeng is my home." . After Sanfeng, the middleman Wang Zong spread from Wenzhou to Chen Zhou, and from Zhou Tong to Jiajing in Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the spread of these two schools is prevalent in eastern Zhejiang today ... "。
Neijia boxing is not very popular because of its cautious teaching and religious rules such as Taoism, which has a certain mystery. However, since modern times, due to the widespread spread of Tai Ji Chuan and Bagua Palm, it has gradually become familiar to people. However, the family-run boxing spread by Tong and Zhang Songxi is still hidden in the boudoir.
In the Republic of China 18 (1929), Zhejiang Wushu Entertainment Conference was held in Hangzhou, with unprecedented pomp. More than 100 Wushu experts from more than 20 provinces in China participated in the competition. The six-step boxing performed by Ryan Xie Zongxiang was well received by the conference and was identified as a lost ancient boxing in Ming Dynasty. As far as I know, this kind of boxing should come from Zhang Songxi.
For a long time, Tai Ji Chuan is the most popular family boxing in Wenzhou. I'm not sure when Tai Ji Chuan was introduced into Wenzhou, but Tai Ji Chuan is very popular in Wenzhou, especially Yang-style Tai Ji Chuan. Of course, this is from modern times. What I can confirm is that it should be Mr. Fan Yafu who is more influential in spreading Yang-style Tai Ji Chuan Bibi in Wenzhou. Mr. Fan Yafu was educated in Chengfu Yang in his early years and was a direct disciple of Jichuan, Yang Tai. It is said that he became a famous master on the beach because of the martial arts school. Because of the competition, he made enemies with others and lived in seclusion in Wenzhou. After 1949, he began to teach Tai Ji Chuan in Wenzhou with many disciples. In his later years, he combined Baguazhang, Xingyiquan, Tai Ji Chuan and Shaolin Boxing to create his own "Four Elephant Boxing", which combines rigidity with softness and has a unique style.
Wenzhou Wu
Wenzhou Nanquan is the most famous local martial arts in Wenzhou.
The inheritance of Wenzhou Nanquan has a lot to do with "South Shaolin". Wenzhou, located in the south of Zhejiang, is close to Putian, Fujian, and Pingyang is a lean generation. Since the death of the Song Dynasty, many people with lofty ideals have persisted in resisting, especially in southern Zhejiang and Fujian. Especially in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, history repeats itself. The monks who shed blood in South Shaolin went into exile in Wenzhou, where they accepted disciples to teach martial arts. The inheritance of martial arts in Wenzhou's history formed a unique Nanquan school in Wenzhou.
Wenzhou Nanquan's routines include Zhanquan, Hequan, Tiger Boxing, Step Boxing, Yuequan, Chain Boxing, Zhonglan Boxing, Wugui Boxing, Rigid and Flexible Boxing and so on. There are more than 200 kinds of instruments, such as plum blossom stick, eyebrow piercing stick, Zhang Er stick, bench flower, double mace, broadsword and sword.
It is worth mentioning that during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the famous Nanquan master Chen Langqing was born in Dongtian Township, Ruian. He learned the ancient methods of Nanquan, including the methods of combining rigidity with flexibility, such as pick and roll, cracking, advancing and retreating, pressing a thousand pounds, 72 strokes for long strokes and 37 strokes for short strokes. More importantly, he advocated martial arts all his life, spread martial arts to Zhejiang, Fujian and Guizhou provinces, and became a master of southern boxing in southern Zhejiang at that time. This is known as the unique boxing of the nation. At the same time, Wenzhou Gunan Boxing and Zhonglan Boxing won this title.
After the martial arts of Shaolin Temple in Henan Province was introduced into Wenzhou, it evolved into Nanquan represented by Wu (commonly known as Qiuxiang), that is, the Seven Tiger Boxing in Ouqu Township, Yongjia County. Wu (1843— 19 10) has been practicing martial arts since childhood and is good at riding and shooting. All his life, he was good at plum blossom firewood (stick), seven tiger fists and eight diagrams palm, especially stick techniques, including bird wind nine roads, plum blossom firewood and four doors firewood. He is also good at home. He is as light as a swallow and can catch mice and birds. He is known as the trick of "hitting cats", but he doesn't hurt people easily. He is also good at piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and is good at medical treatment, just like a Confucian demeanor. His works include Illustration of Boxing, Traumatic Orthopaedics, Surgery and so on. His son Wu, who is good at riding and shooting, was admitted as a martial artist on 1897. Wu's martial arts have been passed down from generation to generation, and his neighbors will use fists and sticks. No wonder there is a saying in Wenzhou that "the rooster in Ouqu also has three roads of firewood" ("firewood" refers to a stick, which means that even the rooster in Ouqu has martial arts).
The most influential boxing types in Wenzhou Nanquan are: Ryan, Chen Langqing and Chen's rigid and soft boxing; Pingyang Yishan should win the bid, Wenzhou Chen's middle hurdle boxing; Dai Ruzhi of Ruian Baotian and Tiger Crane Boxing of Wenzhou Jinqingchi; Wu Acai and his son Wu's Seven Tiger Boxing in Yongjia District. 1September, 952, the first national sports conference in Zhejiang Province was held, and Wenzhou Nanquan participated in the performance, including Jin Ruiyun's five-turtle boxing, Xiang Jinsheng's bench flower, Zheng Jiashu's heron boxing, Zhu Renyuan's five-skill boxing and Chen Daxiu's corner pick boxing. 1956, Ryan Jinlinlong won the first prize in Zhejiang Wushu Competition, and the winning items were Taiyi Plum Blossom Boxing and Meteor Hammer.
Wenzhou Nanquan is bounded by Oujiang River. The boxing potential of Yongjia Ouqu and LAM Raymond in the north of Oujiang River contains the factors of north shaolin and Jianghuai, while the boxing rings of Cangnan, Pingyang and Ruian in the south of Oujiang Feiyun River contain the charm of South Shaolin. Wenzhou Nanquan was listed as one of the 129 boxing styles in the 1986 National Exhibition of Wushu Excavation and Arrangement Achievements.
Wenzhou No.5 champion
Wu Keju was founded in the second year of Chang 'an, Empress Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty (702) and abolished in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (190 1), which was implemented in the history of China. According to "People in Past Dynasties and Wenzhou", there were nearly 400 Wenzhou literati in this period, including 309 in the Northern Song Dynasty, 3 in the Ming Dynasty and more than 70 in the Qing Dynasty. The "martial arts champion" is the highest level of martial arts imperial examination-after the palace examination, the emperor awarded the title of the first place in the palace examination. Among them, the more famous are:
Chen Ao, a native of Pingyang (now Fangxia Village, Jinxiang County, Cangnan County), was old, and his date of birth and death was unknown. In the eighth year of Shaoxing, Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 138) won the first place in Wuwu. After becoming an official, he was appointed as the eighth general in Southeast China. Grant Xiuwulang, recruit generals to oppose Kansai, and be brave and heroic.
Chen E was born in Pingyang (now Fangxia Village, Jinxiang County, Cangnan County), a middle-aged man and the younger brother of Chen Ao. His date of birth and death is unknown. In the 12th year of Shaoxing, Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 142) won the first place in Xuke Wushu. After becoming an official, he became the tenth general in the southeast, and the official eventually cultivated Wu Lang.
Among the top martial arts scholars in the Song Dynasty, only two were circulated in the history of the Song Dynasty. One of them is Zhu Yi from Wenzhou, who entered the biography of History of Song Dynasty. Yi zhu was the highest ranking official among the top martial artists in the Song Dynasty. Yi Zhu (1 192- 1269) was born in Qiao Shan, Jingkou, Pingyang County, Wenzhou. Zhu Yi was born in a scholarly family, and his father, Zhu Bokui, was both a martial artist and a writer. Yi zhu grew up practicing martial arts with his father, and his arm strength was amazing. He can draw a big bow of 200 Jin and likes reading. He is a man with both civil and military skills. Yi zhu left his hometown as an adult and won the first place in martial arts in the second year of Li Zongduanping (1235). In the sixth year of Bao You (1258), Zhu Yijun was promoted to the position of doctor of Zuo Jian, served as a bachelor in Duanmingtang, signed the Privy Council, and knew the Privy Council like the back of his hand. In the first year of Qing Dynasty (1259), he was promoted to participate in politics. In the first year of Ding Jing (1260), Zhu Yi knew the Privy Council and took part in politics. However, after they acceded to the throne, Jia Sidao monopolized the power and Zhu Yi was excluded from the capital. Finally, he resigned and was sent to live in Chuzhou (now Lishui). In the fourth year of Xianchun (1268), Song Duzong ordered him to save himself and stop controlling. In the fifth year of Xian Chun (1269), the court sent him back to his hometown because he served an imperial envoy Zhang, and he died at home soon, at the age of 78. Stone. Today, Zhu Yi's hometown has Zhu Yi's tomb, which is located in Beiaokou, Shuitou Town, Pingyang County.
Zhang Mengfei (12 17- 1279), whose name is Yun Xiang. A native of Bazhang Township, Pingyang County, Wenzhou (now Baizhang Village, Hushan Town, Cangnan County), he later moved to Hengdupu Village, Lingxi Town, Cangnan. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Chunyou was seven years old (1247), and Ding Wuxue was the first.
In the seventh year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1247), Zhang Mengfei was 30 years old, and he won the first place in You Ke Tingkao and Wu Ju. Song Lizong looked at his paper and praised him: "This man is dignified and honest; If you show your pen and ink, you will be ashamed. " In the second year of Bao You (1254), he was appointed as the official in charge of the Royal Garden and Sajima affairs. In the same year 1 1 month, the Mongols invaded on a large scale, Tongguan fell, and Zhang Mengfei led the army to resist the enemy. In July of the third year of Baoyou (1255), Zhang Mengfei recovered Tongguan in one fell swoop. In the sixth year of Baoyou (1258), the Mongolian army entered Sichuan and crossed the river to Ezhou. Jia Sidao was forced by the public opinion in the ruling and opposition parties to lead troops to help, but secretly sent messengers to make peace, collected money himself and divided the river. Kublai Khan agreed to make peace because he was eager to win the status of Khan in the north, but Li Zong believed Jia Sidao's "good news". Zhang Mengfei was very angry, but he couldn't speak, so he had to go back and write to his hometown. After Meng Zhang flew back to the field, he moved to Du Pu, Hengjiang (now Hengjiang Village, Du Pu Township, Cangnan), and the Zhang family moved to Du Pu. In the second year of Xiangxing (1279), Zhang Mengfei died of grief and indignation.
Wang, a native of Yingqiao (now Longwan) in Yongjia, Ming Dynasty, was the grandson of Wang De, an anti-Japanese righteous man. His name, number, birth and death are unknown every year. In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1597), Ding Youke tried to solve the problem in Shuntian Township, and in the twenty-sixth year of Wanli (1598), Wuxu Zhiwu won the top prize. It is the second "Wu Sanyuan" in the martial arts of the Ming Dynasty (the first is Yin Feng in the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty). He worked as a thousand security guards and a bodyguard in Zuotang East Palace. Wang is familiar with the history of Confucian classics and is good at writing poems. At that time, he called his martial arts, poetry and calligraphy "three unique skills". He is upright, honest and frank, not afraid of powerful people, and he is a fairly upright gentleman.
The present situation of Wenzhou Wushu
The present situation of Wenzhou Wushu is mixed. What is worrying is that Wenzhou Wushu has been circulated among the people, relying on the tradition of "teaching by example". Although contemporary society no longer insists on the independence of the door, there are still some heritages. In addition, due to the influence of social changes, many old boxers failed to pass on their ancestors' unique skills. Traditionally, teachers and apprentices generally have precepts, not casually. In the family boxing, Wu Tangmen's disciples have five precepts. There are many schools of boxing, mainly weak bones, moral corruption and so on. A master usually inspects his disciples. The real task is usually for the master to choose an apprentice or find an apprentice. Without a suitable candidate, he would rather rot Juexue in his stomach. Therefore, Wenzhou Nanquan gradually declined.
At the same time, Wenzhou folk Wushu groups are also quite prosperous. In addition to the boxer set up an altar to teach boxing, martial arts schools have also begun to rise in recent years. In addition to teaching traditional martial arts, there are also the rise of taekwondo and boxing. Many outstanding Wushu athletes have emerged in Wenzhou, winning gold medals and silver medals in Wushu, Sanda, boxing and judo in the National Games and even the Olympic Games.
As a generation of famous teachers died one after another because of their advanced age, it also attracted the attention of Nanquan colleagues and established the Nanquan Branch of Wushu Association. Wushu has developed vigorously, and participated in the Nanquan competition of the traditional Wushu Congress for many times. Various places, especially Pingyang and Yueqing, often hold martial arts festivals, perform martial arts and show the style of Nanquan.
Wushu is a treasure of China, and Wenzhou is also a place to practice martial arts. Practicing martial arts can strengthen the body, develop wisdom and cultivate willpower. Wushu is a means for people to know and understand the world. China needs the spirit of martial arts, and needs to face the competition in today's globalized society with it. Wushu spirit should be promoted through the spread of Wushu. I hope that the martial arts in Wenzhou can really enter the spiritual level and create a better tomorrow for the Wulin and all beings in the world.