(3) Facing the world's largest ocean and backing the largest continent. Facing the choice of sea power and land power, the ancient land transportation was good and there was no shipwreck for a long time (compared with the feudal society of more than 2000 years).
However, today's reality is that all our territorial waters are disputed with foreign countries except the Bohai Sea. China's dependence on foreign energy is deepening day by day, and the continuous development of foreign trade needs a strong navy.
The United States tried to suppress the rise of China through the island chain. All these indicate that the coastal defense situation in China is grim, and the traditional land rights thought needs to be changed urgently.
China is a country famous for "building a country through agriculture". From the new era to the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, rulers attached great importance to the development of agriculture. The reason is that geography, climate and environment are an extremely important factor. To a great extent, this determines that China's ancient culture is a typical agricultural social culture, which brings a series of basic characteristics that distinguish China culture from nomadic culture and commercial culture.
From the overall geographical environment, according to the differences of geographical environment, human beings can be roughly divided into continental nations and marine nations. In a typical maritime nation-state, people's living space is relatively narrow, so the use of marine water transport is often developed in business and convenient for personnel exchange and flow.
Moreover, because of the limited activity space in the mainland, there is little room for manoeuvre, which leads to the motivation to expand outward. However, the overall geographical environment pattern of China is just the opposite to that of the marine nationalities.
China has an extremely vast territory and vast internal plains, especially the Yellow River and the Yangtze River basin are adjacent, and there is no obvious natural barrier to be separated. Therefore, it is easier to unify politically, economically, culturally and militarily than the offshore islands. Therefore, a powerful nomadic people invaded the south in history, and even if China lost the Yellow River basin, it still had a vast retreat to deal with. Ancient civilizations in other areas were destroyed by foreign invasion, but they never recovered. Only China can exert a subtle influence on the nation, always maintaining its own unique style and complete system, and making it endless.
China has a relatively isolated geographical environment. East of the sea, northwest across a long desert, southwest of the world's largest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of 4500 meters.
These are geographical restricted areas, which give the agricultural population insurmountable restrictions. This kind of environment, which faces the sea on one side, is extremely inconvenient in land transportation on three sides, and has a wide internal room for manoeuvre, has formed a state of semi-isolation from the outside world, so that China has no ambition to expand abroad and has developed an independent, peaceful and docile national character.
Therefore, China culture is generally brewed and grown alone in the local area. Although foreign cultural elements are occasionally introduced from the western regions or the sea, they are graceful and tolerant, which makes the development of China culture stable and confident. China's climate also affects the direction of civilization development.
Ancient Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Indian and other civilizations all originated in the warm temperate zone and gradually developed into the cold zone, while China was the opposite. Due to the influence of monsoon climate, the rainfall in China decreases from southeast to northwest, while the terrain gradually increases from southeast to northwest. Most rivers flow into the sea from west to east or from north to south. This natural condition often determines the harvest. The temperature in the south is warm and the north is cold, resulting in a long crop growth period in the south and a short crop growth period in the north. These conditions are unfavorable to farmers. China is the most populous country in the world. As early as the Qin and Han dynasties, there were 60 million people, but the cultivated land area was far from enough.
Coupled with the land annexation of the feudal landlord class, this forced farmers to intensively cultivate the allocated narrow land and make the most economical use of the land. Under the condition of very backward productivity, although busy and hard, they can only make a living, which forms the national character of moving to other places, being happy with the situation and staying where they are.
For them, land is life. Leaving or losing land means poverty and death. This economic dependence on the land is reflected in the national psychology, which is manifested in infinite attachment to the homeland and deep feelings for the motherland.
This cultural feature has formed the greatest cohesion of the Chinese nation.
What role and influence does geographical environment have on China culture? 1. Influence on the formation and continuation of China culture 1. Because of the good conditions such as land, temperature and rain, an agricultural society was formed earlier, which made the culture develop earlier and faster. 2. Despite the conflict and integration between nomadic culture and agricultural culture, the agricultural population has always occupied the majority in terms of quantity and cultural advantages. Therefore, agricultural culture has always dominated. 3. Because of its vast territory and large latitude, the change of local natural environment can not affect the overall agricultural production, which provides a solid material foundation for the continuation of culture. 4. Because of the protection of the surrounding geographical obstacles, culture can develop independently and last for a long time. 2. The impact on cultural diversity in China is 1. Due to the complex topography and diverse geographical features. It leads to cultural diversity. 2. There are differences between nomadic culture and agricultural culture. There are also differences in agricultural culture among Central Plains culture, Wuyue culture, Chu culture and Bashu culture. 3. There are different economic forms, lifestyles and ideological forms among various cultural regions, and the degree of accepting external influences is also different. 3. The influence on opening and closing is 1, which is a relatively closed environment. Make China culture complete the civilization period by itself (relative to other civilizations). 2. Form China's unique ideographic writing, literature, art, philosophy, way of thinking and social structure, and form its own system, which is quite different from the West. 3. Make China culture have no fault, maintain distinctive national characteristics and have continuity of the past and the present. 4. Long-term closure and high cultural development have led to the self-centered consciousness. Expand information.
Some nomadic peoples, such as Mongolians and Manchus, are conquerors militarily but conquered culturally. * * * culture and Indian culture have not deeply influenced Chinese civilization because of geographical barriers.
On the other hand, due to geographical reasons, China has failed to expand its cultural influence to the whole world. Many people think that ancient China's culture was ahead of the world, while Chinese civilization was ahead of the world for thousands of years, and only in modern times did it begin to lag behind. Many people also like to compare the Han Dynasty with the Roman Empire at the same time.
In fact, this view is untenable, and this comparison is meaningless, because the communication between ancient China and other civilizations in the world is very limited, and there are few direct collisions between them, so it is difficult to compare the Roman Empire with the Han Dynasty. In addition, a culture must adapt to the corresponding geographical environment.
Since ancient times, nomadic people in the north have had frequent exchanges with the Chinese nation in all aspects, and nomadic people have also absorbed many advanced cultures of the Chinese nation. The influence of the Central Plains on grasslands is not as great as that of Japan and North Korea, because the Central Plains, Japan and North Korea are all farming cultures, which are easier to communicate and influence each other, while grasslands are nomadic cultures, so it is impossible to fully absorb the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, but only to learn from it. After the industrial revolution in the late Ming Dynasty, Europe became stronger and gradually strengthened its cultural influence and infiltration in China. However, due to the profound Chinese civilization, such influence has always been very limited, and the defense line was finally broken after the Opium War.
Although, as mentioned above, due to geographical reasons, Chinese civilization is less influenced by the outside world, this does not mean that China culture is closed. China culture has absorbed many things from other civilizations during its development, but these things have been China-oriented.
For example, today's stools were introduced from nomadic people, and were called "Hu beds" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Refer to Baidu Encyclopedia-China Culture.
The influence of China's natural environment on China's history and culture is 1, with magnificent geographical environment and broad development foundation. China: Yellow River Basin, 700,000-800,000 East Asian continent: Yuanmou, Yunnan, Lantian, Shaanxi, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, Liaohe River Basin, Kyushu: Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou, Yuzhou (Shangshu Gong Yu), Qinling, north of Huaihe River: dryland crop areas such as wheat and millet; South of Qinhuai: East of paddy field Crop area: mainly agricultural area: mainly animal husbandry area. 3. The complex geographical form provides space conditions for the diversification of China culture (1). Different regional cultures: Sanjin culture, Bashu culture, Chu culture, Wuyue culture and so on.
(2) Unity and diversity coexist. The pluralism and monism of philosophy, ideology and culture coexist. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the early Western Han Dynasty-Dong Zhongshu-Modern Kang Youwei's Neo-Confucianism: Lian Xue (Zhou Dunyi) Luo Xue (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi) (Zhang Zai) (Zhu) B Literature: Song Dynasty-Jiangxi Poetry School. Zongdao, Zhongdao, etc. ) Jingling School (Zhong Xing, Tan, etc. ) Qing Dynasty-Zhexi Ci School (Zhu Yizun) Tongcheng School (Fang Bao, Yao Nai, etc. ) Yanghu School (Jing Yun, etc. ) C Academic (taking Qing Dynasty as an example): Wu Pai (Huidong) Huizhou School (Dai Zhen) School (Huang Zongxi-Zhou School) Changzhou School (Yang Ge) Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics (etc. E language: northern language area of seven major dialect areas (Mandarin area): the area north of the Yangtze River and the coastal area from Jiujiang to Zhenjiang on the south bank of the Yangtze River, as well as Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou; Wuyu District: southern Jiangsu, most of Zhejiang, Gan-speaking District: Jiangxi Xiangyu District: Hunan, northern Guangxi, Cantonese District: parts of Guangdong, and Hakka District in southeastern Guangxi: eastern and northern Guangdong, western Fujian, and southwestern Jiangxi; Min-speaking areas (southern Fujian and northern Fujian): Fujian, Taiwan Province and Chaoshan. 3) The vast territory provides a deep hinterland for the transfer of Chinese culture-Anyang-Xi 'an and its surrounding areas-Luoyang-Kaifeng-Nanjing-Hangzhou-Beijing.
The Role and Influence of Geographical Environment on China Culture What role and influence does geographical environment have on China culture?
1
Geographical environment mainly refers to "the surface layer of the earth on which living things, especially human beings depend for survival and development", which is divided into three aspects: natural environment, economic environment and social and cultural environment.
2
The geographical environment is mainly the natural environment. With the development of human productivity, it is more and more difficult to strictly distinguish the natural environment from the economic environment and the social and cultural environment.
three
Geographical environment is not only the material basis of human survival and development, but also the basis of human consciousness or spirit.
four
The function of geographical environment on human beings and human society is manifested in four aspects: first, it provides material basis for human production, survival, development, extinction or leaving this environment; The second is to determine all living things and their activities in this environment, and to determine the process of their emergence, development and even extinction. Third, all substances in this environment and the energy generated by substances can neither increase nor decrease, but can only be transformed or transmitted in various forms. Fourth, all human activities must conform to the inherent laws of this environment.
five
Although the geographical environment provides limited conditions for human beings, as long as human activities do not exceed this limit, there can be relatively unlimited space for activities. Because first, it does not stipulate the specific process, method and time of human beings from emergence to extinction; Secondly, it does not determine the specific process, mode and time of material and energy transformation and transfer; Third, as long as human beings do not violate its internal regulations, they can use this environment according to their own needs and realize material transformation and energy transfer that is beneficial to them.
6, the same geographical environment, in different modes of production or productivity conditions, the role is different.
seven
The influence of geographical environment on China culture is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the influence on the formation and continuation of China culture; Secondly, the influence on China's cultural diversity is different in different regions. The third is the influence on China's cultural opening.
8. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the most suitable areas for people's survival and reproduction in the history of China.
nine
The dominant traditional culture in China is based on agricultural production, both materially and spiritually. They were formed in agricultural areas and spread with the expansion of agricultural areas. Agricultural civilization has played a great role in the continuation of China culture.
10. The influence of geographical environment on cultural diversity in China is mainly manifested in the influence of geographical obstacles on human activities, especially traffic. Different geographical environments and material conditions have formed different lifestyles and concepts of different groups of people, and they are influenced by foreign cultures to varying degrees.
1 1. Geographical obstacles have a great influence on the spread of culture, which also makes different regions of China suffer from different foreign cultures.
12, the influence of geographical environment on opening and closing is relative. First of all, there is no absolutely open or closed geographical environment; Secondly, under different productivity conditions, the degree of influence is different; Thirdly, the natural geographical environment is not the only condition to decide whether to open up, and the ocean is not the only way to open up.
13, China has indeed lacked the motivation to open to the outside world for a long time in history, but in a sense, the fundamental reason is not the geographical barrier, but the superior geographical conditions in China.
Illustrate the function and influence of geographical environment on China culture with examples. The geographical environment of more than 400 words initially affects the natural environmental factors such as geology, landform and climate in a place. Different environmental factors have different relationships between people and the environment.
People are animals in the environment and actively change their living conditions and eating habits according to the surrounding environmental conditions.
Environmental differences, coupled with people's eating habits, have changed people's way of thinking and their cognition of the universe, the world and life.
To put it bluntly, culture is actually human culture
The differences between the north and the south and between the east and the west in China are brilliant, which are developed step by step under different natural environmental conditions and people's eating habits.
People who live on the grassland have lived a nomadic life since childhood and are always feeling the vastness of the grassland, so the cultural industries they create are informal, like Datong stone carvings; Because the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the shouting area, it has worshipped God since ancient times, so it has a profound belief culture. Jiangnan, thinking that the inland water network is closed, there are many hills and few hills, and there is only a strip of water, so the clear water is in harmony, and the culture displayed is as soft and delicate as the Jiangnan garden.
One side's soil and water nourishes the other side, but the other side is attached to this side's soil and water with emotion.
On the influence of China's ancient historical and geographical environment on its culture: China's historical and geographical environment and its influence on culture.
Section 1 Geographical environment and its influence on human beings and human society
I. Geographical environment
(P 15, page 24)
The so-called geographical environment refers to the surface layer of the earth on which living things, especially human beings, depend for survival and development. Geographical environment includes natural geographical environment and human geographical environment (divided into economic geographical environment and social and cultural environment).
Natural geographical environment refers to topography, landform, climate, hydrology, vegetation, land and sea distribution, etc. Generally speaking, the speed of development and change is relatively slow, which is often difficult for people to perceive. However, in some stages and some local areas, its changes may occur very quickly and violently, which will have a huge impact. Such as earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.
Human geographical environment refers to territory, administrative region, nationality, population, city, transportation, agriculture, animal husbandry and other aspects, and the speed of development and change is much faster than that of natural geographical factors.
These two environments have their own specific contents, but they are interrelated and interact with each other and cannot be completely separated.
Geographical environment existed before human beings came into being, but there was only natural environment at that time. After the appearance of human beings, the completely pure natural environment no longer exists, because human activities will always change the natural environment more or less. But in the long human early days, people's influence on nature was extremely limited after all. So the main geographical environment should still be the natural environment. Especially when we study the influence of geographical environment on human culture, we mainly discuss the natural geographical environment. With the development of human productivity, the human geographical environment has gradually formed and played an increasingly important role. In modern times, it is more difficult to strictly distinguish between the two.
Second, the influence of geographical environment on human beings and human society
(page 25)
Geographical environment is the material basis of human survival and development, and of course it is also the basis of human consciousness or spirit. It is of great significance to the emergence and trend of human culture. The influence of geographical environment on human beings or human society is a complex problem, which cannot be simply attributed to decision or not, but to comprehensive understanding.
Generally speaking, geographical environment plays a decisive role in human beings and human society. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1 provides a material basis for human production, survival, development, extinction or leaving this environment. Human beings are the product of nature, and their survival depends on the natural environment. All human activities are carried out in this specific natural environment, and any historical stage of human beings, especially in ancient times, can not be separated from this specific geographical environment.
2. It is determined that all living things and their activities (including human beings and their activities) in this natural environment must have a process of emergence, development and even extinction. For example, the extinction of many biological species; Topics about the demise of mankind: the threat of nuclear weapons, the source of early human civilization such as pyramids, and Buddhist views on robbery.
3. All substances in this environment and the energy generated by substances. It can neither increase nor decrease, but can only be transformed or transmitted in various forms, unless it is influenced by factors outside this environment (such as other planets) or left this environment.
All human activities must conform to the inherent laws of this environment. Only under this premise can human beings make better use of and develop this environment and transform it into a direction conducive to human development.
From the specific geographical environment, in the specific time and space, in the specific people and things, the geographical environment generally only plays an accelerating or delaying role, not a decisive role. As long as the development and utilization of geographical environment is far from reaching the limit, human development has relatively extensive freedom.
The natural ecological environment is the carrier of human cultural creation. With the development of the times and the deepening of industrialization, people are more and more aware that there is a final limit to the availability of the natural environment, and now the development is close to this limit. Although human beings transform themselves by adapting and transforming the environment, they will be bound to be restricted by the environment after becoming the master of the environment. In other words, the relationship between man and nature is mutual, and man gets the opportunity to develop culture by transforming nature, but it is restricted by the natural environment after all. According to the textbook, although the resources provided by the geographical environment to human beings are limited, as long as human beings do not exceed this limit, they can have relatively unlimited space for activities (page 25). This is an ideal view.
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What influence does the natural geographical environment have on the traditional culture of China? 1-The geographical environment first determines the formation and distribution of population. The earliest human settlements in the world are all around big rivers, and the earliest species in the world also originated from water. 2- The concentrated population also formed the earliest human civilization, such as the Yellow River civilization in China and the Indus civilization in ancient India. The four ancient civilizations in the world are all near the water source; 3- The emergence of human civilization means that culture gradually forms and forms its own system.
Since then, due to the expansion of civilization and the development of technology, human beings began to explore the terrain near the water source, and began to form a series of distinctive life forms and lifestyles based on the developed topography. For example, the plain area (stable residence, pleasant climate, suitable for various cultural and industrial activities, various industries have their own systems and a large number of celebrities have appeared, and many customs and festivals have emerged, such as the lunar calendar and 12 solar terms, which are all derived from agriculture; The Dragon Boat Festival is based on the famous historical figure Qu Yuan. Shipping, land transportation and the use of money are all commercial needs. ); Plateau area (harsh climate and other conditions, the most obvious is the formation of national cultural characteristics in clothing and accessories); Grassland area (due to the limitation of natural conditions, residents' houses are mostly mobile [such as yurts], and animal husbandry is quite developed because of rich forage resources. However, due to the long-term mobility and strong physique of eating cattle and sheep, some activities arising from the initial competition for land or competitions have developed into many fitness activities and even national customs, and wrestling is a familiar one. In addition, there are rainy areas (the invention of diaojiao building); Arid areas (the invention of Karez) and so on, involving the embarrassment of folk customs, customs, architecture, diet and so on.
4- Due to the different geographical environments and civilizations in different regions, the high and low regions in the north and south need to exchange and supplement each other, and later even need to supplement each other with overseas countries. This demand for communication has led to many events, the most famous of which are the Silk Road and the Spice Road. The communication between North and South and overseas has brought more cultures, the most prominent of which is religion. The successive introduction and influence of various religions have also changed and formed some traditional cultures, such as Hinayana Buddhism in the plateau, and a series of things have appeared, from the Panchen Lama, the national leader, to the prayer wheel used by the people; Most Han people in the plains believe in Mahayana Buddhism, and many traditional cultures that have been passed down to this day come from the propaganda and invention of Buddhism, such as vegetarian food, tea ceremony, landscape painting of figures, building platforms and even printing. The biggest demand in the early days of invention was to print Buddhist scriptures; The exception is * * *, they believe in * * * religion. Perhaps the most familiar is that they don't eat pork in their diet (of course, there are many other aspects, but most of them come from * * *). 5- In this mutual exchange and supplement, foreign customs and cultures have undergone many localized transformations and developments because of their interdependence with local cultures, thus forming a number of new traditional cultures.
Until now, geography still affects traditional culture, some of which are conducive to the preservation of tradition, while others are gradually destroyed. For example, the Potala Palace, because of its relatively closed terrain, has now become a holy place for religious tourism. On the one hand, it has developed the economy and is conducive to the maintenance of traditions, because people come here to experience local customs and culture, which is a disguised form of compulsory protection; Another example is the coastal areas, which have close ties with overseas countries due to the development of shipping and other undertakings, but it has led to the lack of many local cultures, or lost its original significance. For example, the Spring Festival is getting less and less atmospheric, and traditional festivals such as the Dragon Boat Festival are rarely taken seriously, and even finally applied for world heritage by other countries. It can be said that it is ironic, but imported products such as Christmas and April Fool's Day are becoming more and more popular. (that's all for now ~ if you start, you should write a paper. I hope it helps you. )
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