2. Eat, drink, live and do whatever you want
Eat: "Kibbutz" members generally have no kitchen at home, and everyone eats in the collective canteen. Generally, a buffet is used, and everyone chooses their own food and then brings it to the table to eat with family or friends. Except the full-time chef, all members of the canteen should take turns to help in the canteen.
Wear: In the past, clothes were completely collective. One member may wear clothes and pants this week, but another person may wear them next week. Now that production has developed and conditions have improved, people can choose their own clothes in the Kibbutz store. In order to meet the members' requirements for styles and colors, Kibbutz also goes out to buy clothes. Kibbutz has a unified laundry room. Everything from socks to blankets is washed, mended, ironed and ironed for free.
Accommodation: Members' houses are provided by collective farms. Every family has a comfortable house, including living room, bedroom and bathroom. Everything in the room, from light bulbs to televisions and furniture, was provided by Kibbutz. However, the layout of the family is not exactly the same. People can choose the style and color of goods according to their own preferences on the premise of almost the same cost.
Ok: the "collective farm" has its own cars. Cars are free on business trips or holidays, and private cars have to pay for gasoline. "Kibbutz" can be said to be a small society with complete facilities, and its members can generally meet all basic living needs without "Kibbutz". Kibbutz's service facilities include guest houses, swimming pools, gymnasiums, museums, primary and secondary schools, hospitals, canteens, synagogues, clothing stores, supermarkets, laundry rooms, factories, warehouses, tool rooms, electrician rooms, chicken farms and so on.
3. The democratic decision-making committee "Kibbutz" implements democratic management and all members participate in it. A general meeting of all members will be held once a week. The daily affairs of collective farms shall be the responsibility of the management Committee elected by the general assembly. The CMC has several special committees on production planning, culture, education, labor, finance, health, sports and housing. When encountering problems, the special committees will first make a preliminary vote, and then submit them to the member congress for discussion and decision, and then make a final vote. On larger collective farms, the general meeting is usually held in the auditorium, with a podium and a microphone on the stage. Smaller "collective farms" are held in the canteen. Clear the table after dinner and hold a plenary meeting on the spot. After years of practice, collective farms have formed a set of systematic debate, voting and motion procedures. When deciding the so-called principle, a simple majority vote is not enough, only two-thirds of the votes are needed. However, because many people in Kibbutz are radical, people tend to "go above the class" on many issues, which is related to the purpose of Zionism, Heckel thought, golden tradition and egalitarianism. Therefore, there are often many questions about the principle of "collective farm". A debate lasted for most of the night, and everyone had to go to work the next morning.
4. "Collective Farm" preschool education park. Children on "collective farms" have lived a collective life since childhood. Outsiders who don't understand the children's collective accommodation life here are often confused and think that it lacks mother-child affection. But this is not the case. Every day around 4 pm, the children in Kibbutz go back to their parents and stay with their families until bedtime. Then their parents sent him back to the dormitory, where they sang nursery rhymes and lullabies to him, let the children drink a glass of milk, and then kissed them goodbye in the voice of good night. Kindergarten has special people. "Kibbutz" has two advantages: First, children's problems are not allowed to affect parents' daily work and entertainment activities. At the same time, cultivate children's collectivism concept from an early age; Secondly, because children are only reunited with their parents for a few hours every day, these hours have a higher "quality". Every family regards these hours of reunion as an "activity" and carefully arranges them. During this period, children often behave well, and parents always try their best to meet their children's requirements and concentrate all their body and mind on them.
5. Times have changed, so have collective farms. The profit of Kibbutz engaged in agricultural production became less and less, so it turned to develop industry, which was unimaginable in the early Kibbutz movement. People are increasingly aware that the future economy can not only rely on apple orchards, chicken farms, cattle farms and food crops, but also develop industry. Now, the Kibbutz factory produces everything from fashion, food and furniture to electronic equipment, agricultural machinery and computers. This change once caused a big debate in Kibbutz about "whether to press the button in the factory or work on the land with both hands". However, economic pressure has forced many collective farms to arrange more and more members for industrial construction. Nowadays, many Kibbutz are discussing whether to introduce the concept of salary. Some people worry that these adjustments to adapt to environmental changes will make collective farms dangerously deviate from their original principles. But others believe that this ability to compromise and improvise is the key to the survival of collective farms. Economic reform is a problem facing Kibbutz, but the biggest threat facing Kibbutz is the decrease of Kibbutz population, that is, the identity of the younger generation. With the progress of science and technology and frequent contact with the outside world, the younger generation of Kibbutz, who was rich since childhood, hoped to have a car and more money to travel abroad under the influence of social hedonism. They are dissatisfied with the narrow world of Kibbutz and full of interest and desire for the outside world. Some young people did not return to their original collective farms after completing military service or entering higher education institutions.
Although collective farms face many problems, their position in Israel cannot be ignored. It created a "miracle" in this barren land. Its cultivated land area accounts for 35% of the country's cultivated land, but its agricultural output value accounts for 40% of the country's total output value. In Israel, collective farms produce 50% wheat, 55.4% beef and 80.4% cotton. Its industrial output value also accounts for 7% of the country. In recent years, "Kibbutz" has also vigorously developed tourism, established many tourist attractions and provided first-class hotel services. "Kibbutz" attracts countless tourists like a mystery, and many volunteers come here to do short-term work every summer vacation. Most of these volunteers are not Israelis, but European youths. On the one hand, they came to Kibbutz out of curiosity, on the other hand, it is said that because the fruit is ripe, they can eat a lot of fresh fruit. If you want to know about Kibbutz, you'd better ask a local friend to lead you there for a week, work in the fields with the simple and hospitable Kibbutz people, attend the Kibbutz conference and various mass activities, and truly integrate into Kibbutz's life. If you just visit with a tour group, it will inevitably form a high wall with the members of Kibbutz, so that you can't really understand them.
There are three main organizations in Kibbutz. One is to unite the Kibbutz movement and keep consistent with the Labor Party politically. The second is the religious "Kibbutz" movement, which is politically consistent with the right wing; The third is the national "Kibbutz" movement, which is closely related to the left-wing alliance politically. There are also non-partisan "collective farms" and so on. These organizations formed a consortium in 1963. For the government, it deals with political and financial issues on behalf of the collective farm movement. For Kibbutz itself, it specializes in guiding agriculture, industry and service industry, making cultural and educational plans, and studying various social problems of Kibbutz. ) The Role of Kibbutz in the Country In Israel, the population living in Kibbutz accounts for only 2.4% of the national population. But anyone who introduces Israeli books or has been to Israel must pay special attention to Kibbutz. Why?
First of all, because many Israeli elites come from Kibbutz. Since the establishment of 1948 People's Republic of China (PRC), there have been eight prime ministers, four of whom are from Kibbutz. They are Ben Gurion, Moshe Sharett, Levi Scholl and Golda Meir. Quite a few Israeli elites either live on collective farms or were born there. During the 29 years when the Labour Party was in power, 65,438+0/3 cabinet members came from collective farms. In the Israeli Defense Forces, many senior generals were originally members of Kibbutz. For example, moshe dayan, former chief of general staff and defense minister, was born in the first collective farm in Israel. In the June 5th War of 1967, 30% of Israeli air force pilots and nearly14 of Israeli army officers were members of Kibbutz. In this war, the Israeli army killed 778 people, 200 of whom were also from Kibbutz. Secondly, Israel's Zionist movement originated here and grew up here. The founders of Kibbutz are staunch Zionists. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, Jews who migrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe were strongly influenced by the radical socialist revolutionary trend of thought in Russia at the beginning of this century, especially by the idea of "Utopia" collective farms. When they come to Palestine, they should not only establish a new political entity (such as Hecl) and a new cultural center (such as Ben yehuda), but also establish a new social system, that is, not only to create a modern country, but also to create a society based on equality. Labor thought has played an important role here, which is not only the basic point of these utopian ideal social theories, but also the necessity of reality. At the beginning of this century, Palestine was a barren land with severe drought, almost no trees and many diseases. Empty ideals have become castles in the air in front of this desert, so the idea of "doing it yourself" has become the only way to realize the Palestinian "socialist dream". The representative figure of this thought is Gordon. As Ben yehuda believed, only by reviving Hebrew can Jews fully identify with their motherland. Golden believes that the problem of Jews' return to the motherland can be cured and purified only by practicing on Israeli soil. He called this kind of labor "Hebrew labor", and he thought that "Hebrew labor" was not only the way and means to achieve the goal, but also the goal, so it was the highest value of life. So, in Israel, you can see Golden in the photo with a long beard, dressed as a farmer, hunched over the farmland in Kibbutz, working with a hoe in both hands. Third, Zionism has attracted countless Jewish elites to return to Palestine. After nearly a hundred years of struggle, Kibbutz has made outstanding contributions to Israel's economic construction, especially to agriculture and environmental construction. It can be said that you can't understand Israel without understanding Kibbutz and its development process. In fact, when you open the map of Israel and see more than 300 small black dots with "Kibbutz" written in Hebrew scattered all over the country, you can easily imagine its important position in Israel. From 65438 to 0909, a group of young Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe set up the first new agricultural collective production organization in Degania, near lake tiberias, named "Kevucha", which was the first "Kibuz". Kibbutz is a transliteration of the Hebrew word "collective", which is generally translated as "agricultural cooperative" or "collective farm". Life on early collective farms was very hard. They removed stones and gravel, built simple houses on them, then dug ditches and wells, diverted water for irrigation, and tried to grow grain. At the same time, it is difficult to clear a swamp sewage pit; Reduce the ravages of mosquitoes and the threat of various infectious diseases; Create a good living environment for the latecomers. Some people left Palestine because they couldn't stand the harsh environment and hard work. Today, there are more than 270 collective farms all over Israel. "Kibbutz" members account for 2.4% of the total population of Israel, exceeding 65,438+200,000. There are more than two thousand people in the big Kibbutz, and only one or two hundred people in the small one.