Membrane structure architecture is the most representative brand-new architectural form in 2 1 century, and has become one of the main forms of long-span space architecture so far. It combines architecture, structural mechanics, fine chemical industry, material science and computer technology, and constructs a symbolic spatial structure. It not only embodies the beauty of the structure, but also fully shows the architect's vision and enjoys the romantic space of nature. In the architectural design of the 2008 Olympic Games, the application of membrane structure has been perfectly reflected.
"Water Cube" is the largest membrane structure project in the world. In addition to the ground, it is made of membrane structure -ETFE material. The blue surface is unexpectedly soft but full. Tan, general manager of the National Gymnasium Project, revealed that the life of this material is more than 20 years, but it will actually be longer than this, and people can walk on it, which feels particularly good. At present, only three companies in the world can complete this membrane structure.
"Considering the energy-saving standards of the venue, the membrane structure has strong heat insulation function; In addition, the maintenance of this structure is also very convenient. For example, after a gun or a sharp object is poked in, the monitoring computer will automatically appear. If a hole is broken, stick it with adhesive. The membrane structure is also very light, with good self-cleaning, dust is not easy to stick to it, and dust can also be discharged with rainwater. " Tan said that the membrane structure itself has the functions of drainage and sewage discharge, dehumidification and fog prevention, especially the function of dew prevention, which is particularly important for swimming.
As a building depicting water, the complex and free structure of the water cube stems from the ingenious and simple changes in the planning system. Simple and pure figures talk modestly with parents, and the contrast of different temperament makes their spirituality interesting. Coconut trees, beaches and artificial waves … sublimate the Olympic Arena into an eternal water park in the eyes of the world.
The Olympic "Bird's Nest" witnessed China's heart.
Known as the "fourth generation gymnasium", the great architectural work "Bird's Nest" not only witnessed the unremitting pursuit of human beings in the field of architecture and human settlements in the 2nd/kloc-0th century, but also witnessed the historical process of China, an ancient oriental civilization, opening up continuously.
On June 25th, 2002, authorized by the Beijing Municipal People's Government and the Organizing Committee of the 29th Olympic Games, the Beijing Municipal Planning Commission collected the conceptual design scheme of the main stadium of the 2008 Olympic Games-China National Stadium.
The National Stadium is the first Beijing Olympic venue facility to enter the architectural design process. According to the introduction of Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, the national stadium architectural concept design competition is divided into two stages: the first stage is pre-qualification; The second stage is the official competition. By June 20th, 2002, 165438+ Competition Office had received valid prequalification documents from 44 famous design companies. After strict pre-qualification, 14 design companies were finally determined to enter the formal scheme competition, from China, the United States, France, Italy, Germany, Australia, Japan, Canada and Switzerland.
The Olympic Games not only attracted the greatest athletes in the world to create the best results, but also attracted the greatest architects in the world to create the greatest works. Many of the world's most powerful design teams and talented designers, including the winner of the Plic Award, the highest prize in world architectural design, participated in the competition. On March 8, 2003, 13 well-known architectural design companies and design consortia from all over the world finally participated in the competition, and delivered their grand ideas for China National Stadium to Beijing. 13 design scheme includes 2 domestic schemes, 8 overseas schemes and 3 Chinese-foreign cooperation schemes.
In the subsequent scheme evaluation, the evaluation committee composed of three authoritative figures, including Guan Guan, academician of China Academy of Engineering, Koolhaas, Dutch architect, etc. 13, made strict evaluation, repeated comparison and careful screening of the entries. After two rounds of secret ballot, three excellent schemes were finally selected. They are the "Bird's Nest" scheme designed by Herzog, De Mellon and China Architectural Design and Research Institute, the "Floating Roof" scheme independently designed by Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute of China, and the "Sky Stadium" scheme jointly designed by Sato Comprehensive Project of Japanese company and Tsinghua University Architectural Design and Research Institute of China.
On this basis, the jury selected the "Bird's Nest" scheme by an overwhelming majority and recommended the implementation scheme. When discussing the "Bird's Nest" scheme, * * * 8 votes were in favor, 2 votes against and 2 abstentions, and 1 vote was invalid. It is rare for a scheme to gain so much knowledge in an international architectural competition.
In order to solicit public opinions, the organizers of the competition also exhibited all the 13 design schemes at the Beijing International Convention Center. The exhibition lasted for 6 days and attracted more than 6,000 votes from the audience. Among them, the "Bird's Nest" scheme recommended by Chinese and foreign judges won 3506 votes, the "floating roof" won 3472 votes and the "Sky Stadium" won 3454 votes, ranking the top three. "Bird's Nest" ranked first, which showed the recognition of the audience and the judges to a considerable extent.
After careful study by the decision-making departments, the "Bird's Nest" was finally determined as the final implementation plan of the main stadium of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games-China National Stadium.
Meet the needs of the Olympic Games and attach importance to "post-Olympic development"
-not only to build historical buildings, but also to embody the concept of thrifty hosting the Olympic Games and lay the foundation for the implementation of "post-Olympic development"
Many people who have seen the design model of the "Bird's Nest" describe it as a warm bird's nest made of a stadium with a capacity of 65,438+10,000 people and a branch-like steel net! The "nest" used to nurture and take care of life places human hopes for the future.
Indeed, the components of the whole stadium structure support each other to form a grid-like frame, which looks like a bird's nest woven with branches. Its gray mineral-like steel mesh is covered with transparent film material, which includes a khaki bowl-shaped stadium stand. Here, the hollow-out technology, ceramic lines, the red brilliance and enthusiasm in China traditional culture are perfectly integrated with the most advanced modern steel structure design.
Amazingly, the whole building is connected by a giant net structure, and there are no columns inside. The grandstand is a complete bowl shape, without any cover, just like a huge container, which brings incredible drama and unparalleled shock to the stadium. This even and continuous ring will also give the audience the best view, stimulate their excitement and inspire athletes to sprint faster, higher and stronger. Here, people are truly given a central position.
More subtly, the "Bird's Nest" slightly raised the outdoor terrain of the whole stadium, and placed many ancillary facilities under the terrain, which not only avoided the huge investment consumed by underground excavation, but also landed slowly at the edge of the outdoor square, and built 2,000 open-air seats in the warm-up venue according to the situation, which was organically integrated with the surrounding environment and saved investment again.
Guan Guan, chairman of the judging committee and academician of China Academy of Engineering, commented that this building has no redundant treatment, and everything has an image because of its function, and the architectural form and structural details are naturally unified.
The jury and many other architectural experts agreed that the "Bird's Nest" will not only set up a unique historic landmark for the 2008 Olympic Games, but also be of pioneering significance in the history of world architectural development, and will provide historical testimony for the development of China and the world architecture in the 2nd/kloc-0th century.
It is not easy to design and build the "Bird's Nest", and it is even more difficult to make the "Bird's Nest" full of vigor and vitality in the future. According to reports, the concept of thrifty hosting the Olympic Games and sustainable development has been running through the design of the "Bird's Nest" at the beginning and in the process of deepening the design. On the premise of meeting the Olympic functions, the balance between permanent facilities and temporary facilities should be fully considered. According to the requirements, the Bird's Nest has 654.38+million seats, of which 80,000 are permanent and the other 20,000 are temporarily added during the Olympic Games.
On this basis, the function of the "Bird's Nest" is combined with the future orientation of the surrounding areas and even the long-term development planning of the whole city. According to the established planning scheme, the central area of the Olympic Park where the "Bird's Nest" is located will become a civic activity center integrating sports competitions, conferences and exhibitions, culture and entertainment, business and leisure shopping. As the main stadium of Beijing Olympic Games, the "Bird's Nest" will become one of the landmark buildings in Beijing, and it will also become a hot spot for people to visit and travel for a long time. At the same time, in the design and construction of the "Bird's Nest", great efforts have been made in the versatility of the site and space to improve the utilization efficiency of the site. In addition to undertaking the opening and closing ceremonies and sports competitions, it will also meet the needs of fitness, business, exhibitions and performances, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of "post-Olympic development".
Accelerate the innovation of system and mechanism in exploration.
-Using the government-guided and market-oriented operation mode to promote the Olympic "Bird's Nest" to incubate the "golden egg" industry.
As a social welfare project, in the past, the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums was generally invested by the government, operated by the competent department, and the losses were subsidized by the finance. Therefore, many sports facilities often become a long-term "burden" of government financial subsidies after completion.
Beijing is determined to "change its mind". Facing the largest stadium construction in history, Beijing, with the thinking mode of market economy and on the basis of drawing lessons from foreign advanced experience, has accelerated system innovation and mechanism innovation, and actively explored the Olympic project construction and operation mode of "government guidance and market operation".
According to the plan, the venues and supporting facilities in Beijing will be financed by market mechanism, and the project legal person will be determined by public bidding, and the project legal person will be responsible for the financing, design, construction and operation of the project. In the words of a BOCOG professional, it is "the Olympic' Bird's Nest' will incubate the industrial' golden eggs'".
The first thing to be built is of course the main stadium, which will host the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Olympic Games and can accommodate 654.38 million spectators. On the basis of in-depth investigation, careful analysis and scientific calculation, Beijing divided its construction investment into two parts: the Beijing Municipal Government contributed 58%, and authorized Beijing State-owned Assets Management Co., Ltd. as the capital contribution representative; The other part of the investment is funded by the project legal person partner who finally won the bid through global bidding.
Considering the characteristics of large investment and high operating cost of the National Stadium after the Games, Beijing has provided quite favorable conditions to attract investors. In addition to 58% investment by state-owned companies on behalf of the government, quite preferential policies have also been given in land transfer and demolition.
On June 28, 2002, 10, Beijing publicly sold the pre-qualification and bidding documents for Olympic projects to the world, marking the official start of the legal person bidding for the national stadium project; From June 5th to February, 2003, the evaluation committee composed of Chinese and foreign experts reviewed the bidding qualification, construction scheme ideas, financing scheme ideas and operation scheme intentions of the bidding applicants, and determined five shortlisted projects. In July 2003, after a comprehensive review of the optimized design, construction, financing, operation and handover submitted by bidders, two successful candidates were recommended. Subsequently, after negotiation and approval by relevant departments, the winning bidder of the project legal person partner was finally determined.
On the morning of August 9, 2003, the signing ceremony of the corporate partner of the National Stadium Project was held. The consortium, represented by China CITIC Group Corporation, finally became the winning bidder of the national stadium project. Members of this consortium include Beijing Urban Construction Group Co., Ltd., Golden State Holding Group Corporation of the United States and Guoan Yueqiang Co., Ltd. under CITIC Group Corporation. The winning consortium and Beijing State-owned Company jointly set up a project company, which will gain the right to operate the National Stadium for 30 years after the 2008 Olympic Games. State-owned companies do not participate in dividends for 30 years, and recover the intact stadium after the expiration of the operation period. According to the information provided by BOCOG, so far, the bidding for the main venues and related facilities of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games has been successfully completed. Six projects, including the National Stadium, which have been tendered by enterprises, have a total investment of about 20.5 billion yuan, of which 85%, that is, 654.38+07.4 billion yuan, have been completed through enterprise tendering and market mechanism financing.
Let's look forward to it together: In the summer of 2008, the whole world will dance with China in the magnificent Chinese National Stadium "Bird's Nest"!
The picture of the water cube is in the resources.
References:
/Project/Water Cube/
China Architectural Art Network News: Beijing Olympic Park
Beijing Olympic Park is located at the northern end of Beijing's central axis, on the north and south sides of the North Fourth Ring Road, covering an area of 1, 2 1.5 hectares. The proposed project includes 65,438+00 stadiums and related supporting facilities such as the Olympic Village and the main stadium (track and field), as well as group buildings such as China International Exhibition Center and Beijing World Trade Center.
Among them, the Olympic Village covers an area of 80 hectares, with a construction area of about 470,000 square meters (apartment 360,000 square meters, others 1 10000 square meters), which can accommodate 16000 athletes, coaches and their entourage, and is adjacent to major competition venues. The Olympic Village is divided into residential areas and international areas, with a beautiful, comfortable, convenient, quiet and safe environment.
The reporter village covers an area of 30 hectares with a building area of about 400,000 square meters. The reporter will arrive at the competition venue in the park for no more than 6 minutes.
There will be 28 events in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. According to the planning of Beijing Olympic bid committee, 37 competition venues and 58 training venues must be used. Of the 37 competition venues, 32 are located in Beijing and the other 5 are located in other cities. Among them, the sailing competition was held in Qingdao, and the four football preliminaries were Shanghai, Tianjin, Shenyang and Qinhuangdao. Among the 32 venues in Beijing, 13 and165,438+0 are planned, and 8 are specially built for the Olympic Games.
It is reported that these venues will be rebuilt and built according to the requirements of international individual sports organizations, and their site selection, design, construction and post-games utilization will fully embody the concept of "green Olympics, people's Olympics and high-tech Olympics".
The Olympic venues in Beijing are mainly distributed in 1 central area and 3 sub-areas. The central area is located in the Olympic Park at the intersection of Beijing's central axis and the North Fourth Ring Road, with a total area of about 12 square kilometers. Among them, 760 hectares are forest green space, 405 hectares are international convention and exhibition sports center, and 50 hectares are China National Museum. There will be 14 competition venues, Olympic village, journalists' village, news center and international radio and television center. The three sub-districts are university area, western community and northern scenic tourist area. The distances from the central area to the three sub-areas are 3km, 10km and 28km respectively.
According to reports, the layout of the Beijing Olympic venues and the Olympic Village is centralized and reasonably dispersed, which is conducive to the organization and management of the competition, and the use after the game is prominent. In the planned new Olympic Park, the World Trade Center, the tallest building in Beijing, will be built at the north end, and an exhibition sports center, a national stadium, a gymnasium and a swimming center will also be built in the park. After the Olympic Games, these venues and facilities will become places for citizens' leisure and entertainment. In addition, the Olympic Village will become the largest comprehensive community with beautiful environment in Beijing.
The layout of the Olympic Village and venues fully considers the convenience of traffic organization and management. Most of the Olympic venues are located on both sides of Beijing's Fourth Ring Expressway. From the Olympic Village to the venues, 10 minutes can reach 60%, and the longest time is 28 minutes. By then, the traffic of the Olympic Games will have little impact on Beijing's traffic.
Among these Olympic venues, the Olympic Sports Center Gymnasium, Beihang Gymnasium, Capital Gymnasium and Workers Gymnasium were all built without reconstruction.
The venues that have been built and are being rebuilt include the Olympic Sports Center Stadium, the Olympic Sports Center Softball Field, Yingdong Swimming Pool, Beijing Rural Racecourse and Workers Stadium.
The venues under construction include China International Exhibition Center, National Stadium, National Gymnasium, National Swimming Center, Olympic Park Archery Range, National Tennis Center, National Hockey Field, Beijing Shooting Range, Laoshan Bicycle Hall, Wukesong Gymnasium, Fengtai, Wukesong Baseball Field, Shunyi Olympic Park Archery Range, First Institute of Physical Education Gymnasium, Beijing Sport University Gymnasium and Qingdao International Sailing Center.
Here, we introduce some venues and schemes for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
National swimming center
The swimming competition will be held in the Olympic Park National Swimming Center and Yingdong Swimming Pool. The National Swimming Center is the main swimming venue for the Olympic Games, and will hold swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo finals with a total seating capacity of 17000.
Shouti college gymnasium
Judo and Taekwondo competitions will be held in the gymnasium of the First Institute of Physical Education. It is a fully enclosed gymnasium with central air conditioning, with a total seating capacity of 9,000.
Workers' Stadium (after renovation)
New seats for workers' movement, press conference hall for workers' movement, solar telephone booth, environmental protection toilet.
Wukesong gymnasium
The basketball match was held in Wukesong Gymnasium, which can accommodate 20,000 people.
Laoshan bike competition center
Cycling competitions will be held in Laoshan Bike Hall (newly built) and Laoshan Mountain Bike Field. Laoshan Bike Hall will be equipped with a fully enclosed 250-meter-long track.
Beihang gymnasium
The weightlifting competition will be held in the existing Beihang Gymnasium, with a total seating capacity of 5,400, including 3,400 fixed seats and 2,000 temporary seats.
Qingdao International Shipping Center
The sailing competition will be held in Qingdao International Navigation Center, with a water area of 46.9 hectares and a land area of 48.44 hectares. Five sailing venues with a diameter of one nautical mile can be arranged.
National indoor stadium
The gymnastics competition will be held in the National Gymnasium in the Olympic Park. It is a large-scale comprehensive gymnasium, fully enclosed and manually adjusted indoor environment, which can accommodate all kinds of competitions, with a total seating capacity of 1.9 million.
National Stadium
The track and field competition will be held in the newly-built National Stadium in the Olympic Park, with a total seating capacity of 80,000.
Olympic center complex
The handball preliminaries are arranged in the Olympic Sports Center Complex, and the finals are arranged in the National Gymnasium, with a total seating capacity of 7,000.
Olympic venues-the yardstick of urban civilization
The connotation of modern Olympic movement is very rich, and gymnasium plays an extremely important role in it. It is not only an important aspect of urban landscape, but also a yardstick of modern urban civilization. Especially for large-scale international sports events, the technical requirements are getting higher and higher. As a result, the Olympic Games, which has attracted much attention, is no longer limited to sports competitions, but also accompanied by the comparison of sports buildings. Olympic venues, with their novel and unique shapes, magnificent scale, scientific and technological embodiment and distinctive personality, show the perfect combination of architecture and structure, art and technology.
References:
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