1) Introduction to diving:

Diving is a competition for individuals. Divers fly from the platform or springboard by themselves, and can directly enter the water or do gymnastics in the air with various difficulties, and enter the water in a clean and beautiful posture.

Diving takes place in the diving pool. Divers from 1m, 3m springboard, or 3m, 5m 7. 5 m and 10 m platform diving.

1904 diving in St. Louis Olympic Games was included in the Olympic Games for the first time, and 1906 springboard diving in Athens Olympic Games was included in the Olympic Games. 19 12 At the Stockholm Olympic Games, women divers participated in the competition for the first time.

The leading countries in diving in the world are China and the United States. Diving needs air sense, coordination, flexibility, elegance, balance and sense of time.

2) The main rules of diving:

1. According to the rules of diving competition, events can be divided into two categories: optional movements with difficulty coefficient restrictions and optional movements without difficulty coefficient restrictions.

2. In each event, athletes should jump through all the movements of the competition, and then add up the scores of all the competitions, and the one with more scores wins.

3. The action of diving competition must be selected in the "action difficulty table" of diving competition rules.

4. In the springboard diving competition, men and women have 6 and 5 optional moves without difficulty coefficient limit and 5 optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit respectively, and the sum of difficulty coefficients shall not exceed 9.5.

5. In the platform diving competition, men and women have 6 and 4 optional moves without difficulty coefficient limit and 4 optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit respectively, and the total difficulty coefficient shall not exceed 7.6.

6. According to the regulations of the International Swimming Technical Committee, all Olympic diving competitions and world diving competitions must be held in preliminaries and finals, and 12 athletes with the best performance will be selected from the preliminaries to participate in the finals. In the final, all the actions in the preliminaries must be repeated, and the winner is the one with the highest total score in the final, which is also adopted by China.

7. Athletes' competition actions must be selected in groups and cannot be repeated.

8. In diving competition, every movement that an athlete chooses to jump must be completed at one time, and repeated jumps are not allowed.

3) Diving knowledge:

1. What is the worldwide management organization of diving?

FINA (FINA) is the world diving management organization.

2. What are the important international competitions?

The important international diving competitions are the World Diving Championships and the European Diving Championships.

3. What referees are there in diving competition?

Referees are generally composed of 7 referees (professional), 1 chief referee and 2 secretaries (recorders).

The chief referee's duty is to manage the competition process and supervise the referee's work.

4. What are the six official movements of diving?

These six movements are forward diving, backward diving, reverse diving, inward diving, turn diving and arm stand diving. Springboard diving does not require handstand diving. However, six groups of high platform diving should be performed)

5. How many steps did you take in the final?

Springboard events: men's jump 1 1 movement (5 required movements and 6 optional movements) and women's jump 10 movement.

Platform events: men's 10 action, women's 8 action.

6. What is the required action?

The required movements are forward diving, backward diving, reverse diving, inward diving and forward diving for half a week. These dives can be straight, bent or tuck.

7. What posture can an athlete take in the process of completing the action?

Diving can have several postures: straight, arbitrary, bent or tuck.

8. What should athletes pay attention to when entering the water?

Athletes can enter the water first with their feet or heads. When the head enters the water first, the body must be vertical and the toes should be straight and close together. Put your arms above your head, in line with your body, and put your hands together.

Classification of diving

Diving refers to a water skill sport in which athletes take off on a certain height of equipment, complete aerial movements and end up in the water. Diving can be generally divided into athletics diving and non-athletics diving.

First, athletics diving.

Athletics diving includes athletics diving and skydiving.

Track and field diving is one of the official Olympic events, which is divided into springboard diving and platform diving. During the competition, athletes take off on the springboard with one fixed end and one elastic end to complete the diving action, which is called springboard diving (the height of the springboard from the water is specified as 1 m, 3 m). An athlete takes off on a flat and solid platform to complete the diving action, which is called platform diving (the platform is 5m, 7.5m,10m above the water).

Diving at high altitude is a very thrilling diving sport. Athletes take off from a very high cliff or a specially-made ultra-high platform, complete aerial movements and then enter the water. In America, there is an aerial stunt diving competition. The special steel platform is 48 meters high and the table is about 70 centimeters wide. Athletes can freely choose the action of the competition, and the referee will score points, and the winner will be the one who scores more points. In Mexico, there is a traditional cliff diving competition. The cliff is 60 meters high and the sea is below. The athlete's jumping action is similar to the American 48-meter high-altitude diving. High-altitude diving is very dangerous and prone to injury accidents, so it is not common in the world.

Second, non-athletics diving

Non-athletics diving diving can be divided into practical diving, recreational diving and performance diving. Diving activities aimed at production, military and rescue are called practical diving. Diving activities for entertainment and fitness are called recreational diving. Performance diving is usually a diving performance held after a grand festival or diving competition. The performances include synchronized diving, acrobatic diving and funny diving. In order to enrich the content of the performance, athletics diving's actions are often used as the content of the performance. In the Ocean Park in Hong Kong, diving performances of about 33.5 meters are often performed. American divers can somersault backwards on the 3m board for one week and still land at the end of the board, and then somersault forward for three and a half weeks. You can also flip backwards on a small elastic net or a small springboard installed on the 10 meter platform and still fall on the net board after one week, and then complete the difficult movements such as one and a half turns forward and three turns. China's synchronized diving and fixed-point diving performances are famous for their tacit cooperation. China's first collective fireworks diving is even more unique and fascinating. It has won high praise in international and domestic performances.

Group, posture, quantity and difficulty coefficient of diving movements

There are many kinds of movements in track and field diving. According to the current international diving competition rules, * * * has 87 different diving movements.

I. Action teams

Diving is divided into the following six levels according to the direction of standing before take-off and the direction of body movement after take-off.

Group 1- dive forward facing the pool.

The second group-dive backward (near) facing the board.

The third group-reverse diving facing the pool.

The fourth group-diving inward facing the springboard (platform).

Group 5-twist diving.

Team 6-arm diving (platform diving only).

Second, the action posture

Diving posture. It can be divided into four types: straight (represented by "A"), bent (represented by "B"), tuck (represented by "C") and somersault (represented by "D"), which are represented by English letters A, B, C and D respectively in international diving rules.

Third, the action number.

Each diving group has its own number to represent the action group and the number of somersaults. For example:

1 ~ 4 groups of action numbers all use 3 digits. The first number represents the action group; The second number represents the flying action (if the second number is "0", it means there is flying action in service) 8 The third number represents the number of somersaults ("1" is half a week, "2" is a week, "3" is a week and a half, and so on). For example, "20 1" means that the second group dives backwards and flips half a turn; "305" refers to the third group of reflexive somersaults for two and a half weeks; "1 13" means to fly forward and somersault for one and a half times.

The fifth group uses 4 digits to indicate the steering action. The first digit indicates the fifth group (especially the twist diving); The second digit indicates the direction of somersault; The third digit indicates the number of somersaults; The fourth digit indicates the number of turns, and the calculation method is the same as before. For example, in the action of "5 136", "5" means the fifth group diving, "1" means the forward tumbling of 1 group, "3" means one and a half weeks, and "6" means three weeks. Another example is the "5337" movement, which refers to the fifth round. The third group of reflexive diving directions is used to complete somersaults and turns for one and a half weeks and three and a half weeks. The sixth group of arm-standing movements also use three fingers. The first digit indicates the sixth group (especially arm diving); The second digit indicates the direction of arm diving; Third digit table

Indicates the number of somersaults (calculation method is the same as above). For example, in the action of "6 14", "6" means that the sixth group dives vertically, "1" means that the first group rolls forward in the diving direction, and "4" means that it rolls for two weeks. Another example is "632", which refers to the arm-standing diving action of the sixth group, and somersaults in the reverse diving direction.

Fourth, the action difficulty coefficient

The movement difficulty coefficient indicates the difficulty for athletes to complete the movement. The rules of international diving competition determine the corresponding difficulty coefficient for each diving action, which is determined according to the difference of action group, competition events (springboard, platform), instrument height, action posture and the number of somersaults and turns. When diving, athletes have simple movements and low difficulty coefficient; When the action is complex, the difficulty coefficient is high. For example: 3m board 1O3 B, difficulty coefficient 1.6. 10m platform 307 C, with difficulty coefficient of 3.4. For the same action, the difficulty coefficient is different because of the different height of the instrument. For example, the difficulty coefficient of 1 meter board is 3.0, and the difficulty coefficient of 3 meter board is 2.7. At present, the highest difficulty listed in the difficulty table of international diving competition rules is; The difficulty coefficients of 3m board 109C and 307C, 10M platform 109C are all 3.5.

How to watch diving competition

When watching diving competitions, knowledgeable audiences are often attracted by wonderful competitions. They applauded the athletes' superb skills, regretted the athletes' accidental slip, and scored the athletes' jumping movements with great interest together with the judges. If you are an audience who doesn't know how to do it, you will be at a loss when watching the diving competition. Obviously, knowing some common sense of diving competition is very helpful to watch diving competition better.

Generally speaking, there are four events in track and field diving: springboard diving for men and women and platform diving. The springboard diving competition can be held on the springboard of 1m or 3m. There are 10 jumps in the women's springboard diving competition, in which the first five moves are selected from different groups and are limited by the difficulty coefficient, so they are called optional moves with the difficulty coefficient limited, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 9.5 (referred to as specified moves); The last five movements are also selected from different groups. Because they are not limited by the difficulty coefficient, they are called optional movements without difficulty coefficient. Men's springboard diving competition has 1 1 jump, in which the first five movements are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 9.5; Of the last six optional actions without difficulty coefficient, five actions are selected from different groups, and the remaining 1 actions can be selected from any group.

The platform diving competition can be held on the platform of 5m, 7.5m and10m, but the Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup and the important diving competition in China are limited to the platform of10m. There are 8 jumps in the women's platform diving competition, among which the first four optional moves with difficulty coefficient limit are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient is not more than 7.4; The last four optional moves without difficulty coefficient were also selected from different groups. The men's platform diving competition has a total of 10 jumps, in which the first four optional moves with limited difficulty coefficient are selected from different groups, and the total difficulty coefficient shall not exceed 7.6; The last six optional movements without difficulty coefficient were selected from six groups respectively.

There are two kinds of scoring referees in diving competition: 7-player system and 5-player system. Olympic Games, World Championships and World Cup diving competitions and important domestic competitions must have 7 referees, and other general competitions can be scored by 5 referees. The full score of diving competition is 10, and 0.5 can be used for scoring. When judging, cut

Judges are graded according to the following criteria:

Failure 0 points

Bad 0.5 ~ 2 points.

Ordinary 2.5-4.5 points

Better 5 ~ 6 points

It's good. 6.5 to 8 points

The best score is 8 ~ 10.

In the competition, the referee scores according to the athletes' approach (that is, walking board and running platform), take-off, air action and water entry action. Therefore, athletes should run smoothly in the competition, take off decisively and forcefully, and take off at an appropriate angle with a certain height; Beautiful posture in the air, rolling and turning quickly; When people swim, their bodies are perpendicular to the water, and the smaller the splash, the better.

Scoring by five referees: After scoring by five referees, the highest and lowest invalid points are deleted first, and the sum of the scores of the remaining three referees is multiplied by the difficulty coefficient of the action jumped by the athletes to get the real score of the action. For example, the scores of five judges are 5, (5.5), 5, 5, (4.5) = 15 (sum) X 2.0 (difficulty) =30 (actual score). (Note: Figures in brackets are invalid points deleted. The same below)

Scoring by 7 referees: The method is the same as that of 5 referees, but the score calculated by 7 referees should be divided by 5 and multiplied by 3. For example, the scores of seven referees are 5, (5.5), 5, 5, (4.5)=25 (sum) x 2.0 (difficulty) = 50+5x3 = 30 (actual score).

After the competition, the athletes' total score is the sum of the actual results of each jump. The winner is the one with the highest total score. If two or more people have the same total score, the ranking is the same. In the competition with all-around events, the total score of athletes' springboard movements and platform movements together is the total score of all-around events.